Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 17.djvu/314

Rh 302 N A X N A Z thy mamelukes have only girdles of cord and thy slave- girls only clothes without jewels, I will vote for the tax.&quot; The angry sultan banished him from Damascus, and, though public opinion compelled this sentence to be revoked, Nawawl refused to return while Bibars was in the city. Forty-two works of Nawawi are catalogued by Wiistenfeld, Lcbcn und Schriften des Scheich. . . el Nawawi, Gottiugen, 1849. His biographical &quot;Dictionary of Illustrious Men chiefly at the Begin ning of Islamism,&quot; forming the first part of the TaMhlb al-asmd wal-loghdt (a sort of analytical index to six theological and juristic works), was published by the same scholar, Gottingen, 1842-47. An edition of his manual of Shafi ite jurisprudence (Minhdj al- idlibtn), a book of great reputation in the East, has been com menced by L. W. C. van den Berg (vol. i., Batavia, 1882, with French version and notes). NAXOS, one of the Cyclades, a fertile island in the ^Egean Sea, a little to the east of Paros. It was rich in vines and famous for its wine, and in consequence became one of the chief seats of the worship of Bacchus. The god found Ariadne asleep on its shore, when she was deserted by Theseus. From its fertility and wealth Naxos was the most powerful of the Cyclades. A tyrant Lygdamis ruled there for some time during the 6th century B.C. In 501 a Persian fleet unsuccessfully attacked it, but in 490 it was captured and treated with great severity. Four Naxian ships took part in the great expedition of Xerxes, but deserted and fought on the Greek side at Salamis in 480. Naxos was a member of the Delian Con federacy ; it revolted in 471, was captured by Athens, and remained in her possession till her empire was destroyed. The history of the island henceforth is obscure. The most remarkable event was its capture, in 1207 A.D., by the Venetian Marco Sanudo, who founded there a state and a dynasty that flourished till the Turks took the island in 1566. Since the War of Independence it has belonged to the Greek kingdom. The chief town occupies the site of the ancient city on the north-west coast. Naxos, Paros, Antiparos, and some little islets form an eparchia, with a total population of about 21,000. NAXOS, the earliest Greek colony in Sicily, was founded from Chalcis in 735 B.C., on the east coast immediately south of the modern town of Taormina. Within a few years it became strong enough to found Leontini and Catana. It is impossible here to enter on the tangled history of its relations with the other Greek cities of Sicily, and with the tyrants Hippocrates, Gelo, &c. Naxos was the warmest ally of Athens in the Sicilian expedition. In 403 B.C. it was completely destroyed by Dionysius, and was never rebuilt. Its place was supplied in 358 by Tauromenium, to which the Naxian exiles flocked. NAYAGARH, or NYAGTJR, a petty state in Orissa, Bengal, India, with an area of 588 square miles. The state is a valuable and well-cultivated territory, abound ing in noble scenery, with a splendid range of hills from 2000 to 3000 feet in height running through its centre. The population in 1881 was 114,622, most of them Hindus. The chief receives an estimated annual re venue of 5418, and pays a tribute of 552 to the British Government. NAYLER, or NAYLOR, JAMES (1618-1660), a Puritan fanatic, was born at Andersloe or Ardsley in Yorkshire, in 1618. When the civil war broke out in 1641 Nayler, who was then resident in the parish of Wakefield, joined the Parliamentary army, and served as quartermaster under Lambert. In 1651 he adopted Quakerism, and became a zealous advocate of the new principles both as a preacher and writer. Gradually his opinions became tinged with the wildest fanaticism, until he arrived at the seeming conviction that he was a new incarnation of Christ. He gathered around himself a small band of disciples, who followed him from place to place, paying him the homage due to one gifted with supernatural endowments. In October 1655 he, in imitation of Christ s procession into Jerusalem, entered Bristol on horseback riding single &quot; a rawboned nude figure, with lank hair reaching below his cheeks,&quot; attended by seven followers, some on horseback, some on foot, he in silence and they singing &quot; Hosanna ! Holy, holy ! Lord God of Sabaoth ! &quot; The procession passed on to the High Cross of Bristol, where Nayler and his followers were apprehended by the authorities. His trial occupied the second parliament of Cromwell for several days, and on December 16, 1656, he was convicted of blasphemy and sentenced to be whipped from the Palace Yard to the Old Exchange, to be branded in the forehead, to have his tongue bored with a red-hot iron, to be whipped through the streets of Bristol, and to suffer imprisonment with hard labour for two years. These stern measures had the effect of convincing Nayler that his pretensions to supernatural powers were the result of delusion, and on May 26, 1657, he, after recantation, received his freedom. He was readmitted into the communion of the Quakers. In October 1660 Nayler set out to visit his long-forsaken family in Yorkshire, but died on the journey in Hunting donshire. A collected edition of the Tracts of Nayler appeared in 1716; a Relation of the Life, Conversion, Examination, Confession, and Sentence of James Nayler in 1657; a Memoir of the Life, Ministry, Trial, and Sufferings of James Nayler in 1719 ; and a Refutation of some of the more Modern Misrepresentations of the Society of Friends commonly called Quakers, with a Life of James Nayler, by Joseph Guruey Bevan, in 1800. NAZARENES (Naftupeuoi), an obscure Jewish-Christian sect or &quot; heresy,&quot; existing at the time of Epiphanius in Coele-Syria, Decapolis (Pella), and Basanitis (Cocabe). According to that authority (Pan., xxix. 7) they dated their settlement in Pella from the time of the flight of the Jewish Christians from Jerusalem, immediately before the siege in 70 A.D. ; he characterizes them as neither more nor less than Jews pure and simple, but adds that they recognized the new covenant as well as the old, and believed in the resurrection, and in the one God and His son Jesus Christ. He is unable to say whether their christological views were identical with those of Cerinthus and the like, or whether they differed at all from his own. This lacuna is filled up by Jerome (Ep. 79, to Augustine), who expressly says that they believed in Christ the Son of God, born of the Virgin Mary, who suffered under Pontius Pilate, and rose again, but adds that, &quot; desiring to be both Jews and Christians, they are neither the one nor the other.&quot; They used the Aramaic recension of the Gospel according to Matthew, which they called the Gospel to the Hebrews, but, while themselves- adhering as far as possible to the Mosaic economy as regarded circumcision, sabbaths, foods, and the like, they did not refuse to recognize the aposto- licity of Paul or the rights of heathen Christians (Jer., Comm. in Isa., ix. 1). These facts, taken along with the name (comp. Acts xxiv. 5) and geographical position of the sect, lead to the conclusion that the Nazarenes of the 4th century were the direct representatives of the Jerusalem Christians of the 1st, who owned the presidency of James. Probably they are intended also by Origen (Contra Cels., v. 61) and Eusebius (II. E. } iii. 27) when two classes of Ebionites are discriminated, one of which acknowledged the supernatural origin of Christ. Compare EBIONITES; and see Ritschl, Entstehung d. altkath. Kirche, bk. i. sec. 3. NAZARETH, in Galilee, now al-Nasira, the city of Mary and Joseph, and the place where our Lord spent his youth, is pleasantly situated in a hollow on the south slope of the hills (J. al-Sfkh) which bound the plain of Esdraelon on the north. Though it had a synagogue (Matt. xiii. 54 ; Luke iv. 16), and is called in the Gospels a cky, Nazareth