Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 17.djvu/241

Rh N A P N A R 229 for his dynasty but in a successful war. He was present with his only child 1 at the bombardment of Saarbriicken on August 2d, and then retired into Metz, which he left on the 15th, the day between the battles of Courcelles and Mars-la-Tour. The empress insisted on the relieving movement which was then undertaken by Macmahon, and the emperor, going with the army, was made prisoner with 90,000 men at Sedan on September 2d. He was sent to the castle of Wilhelmshohe, near Cassel, from which he subsequently retired to England. He lived with the empress at Chislehurst, and died there on January 9, 1873. Napoleon III. was a thinker and man of letters rather than a statesman. Presuming on the accident of birth to seize absolute power and to direct the affairs of a great nation, he proved him self totally incapable as an administrator, and allowed office, political and military, to fall into the most unfit hands._ Far superior himself, as a man of ideas, to his conqueror the king of Prussia, he never chose and never possessed a minister or a general who could be compared with those selected by his rival. In private life he was kindly and amiable, and the worst acts of his reign were rather those of the adventurers who surrounded him than his own. (C. A. F.) NAPOLEON, a round game of cards. Any number may play; about four or five makes the best game. When six play the dealer deals himself no hand, but pays or receives the same as the other players. A pack of fifty-two cards is required. The players cut for deal ; the lowest deals. The cards rank as at whist ; and the deal goes afterwards in rotation to the left, as at whist. The cards are shuffled, and cut to the dealer, who deals each player five cards by one at a time, as at whist. The deal being completed, the player to the dealer s left looks at his hand, and declares how many tricks he will play for (called &quot;standing&quot;). Some players make it compulsory for the eldest hand to declare one trick at least ; but if this rule is not in force the eldest hand may decline to play, when he says &quot; I pass.&quot; If the eldest hand passes, the next player to the left has a similar option of standing or passing, and so on all round. As soon as any one stands, the next player after him must either pass or stand for more tricks than the one before him, and so on all round. If all pass, the hand is not played, and the player to the dealer s left deals. Some players compel the dealer to play for at least one trick. The stand-hand plays against all the others. He has the first lead, and the first card he leads makes the trump suit. Each player plays one card at a time in rotation, as at whist, except that the played cards remain face upwards on the table in front of the persons playing them. The cards played one by each player constitute a &quot;trick.&quot; The players must follow suit if able. If unable to follow suit a player may play any card he pleases. No one is obliged to head the trick nor to trump. If the stand-hand succeeds in making at least the number of tricks he stood for he wins ; if not he loses. If he wins he receives from each of the other players the amount previously agreed on for each trick stood for ; if he loses he similarly pays all the others. If any one declares &quot;Nap,&quot; i.e., that he will play for all five tricks, no subsequent player can stand. The hand is played as before. If the player declaring Nap wins he receives double stakes all round; if he loses he only pays single stakes all round. Rules of Play. There is no misdeal, and consequently no penalty for errors in dealing. If a card is exposed in dealing, or the cards are wrongly dealt, there must be a fresh deal, even if the hand has been partly played. Any one, except the stand-hand, playing out of turn, or exposing a card after the deal is completed, or playing with the wrong number of cards, has to pay a fine of the value of three tricks to the stand-hand, in addition to what he may lose if the hand is played out ; and if the stand-hand loses the offender receives nothing. If the stand-hand plays with the wrong number of cards, and wins, he receives nothing, and there is a fresh deal. If a player, not the stand-hand, revokes he has to pay the value of 1 Napoleon Eugene Louis born at Paris, March 16, 1856, killed in Zululand, June 1, 1879. five tricks to the stand-hand, in addition to what he may lose on the hand. The cards are played over again from the point at which the revoke was made, and if the stand-hand loses the revoker receives nothing. If the stand-hand revokes he loses what he declared to play for. A player is entitled to be informed how many tricks were stood for, and how many tricks the stand-hand has made. NARA, the oldest of the successive capitals of Japan, is situated in the north of Sakai ken (province of Yamato), about 65 miles east of Ozaka, in 34 4 N. lat. and 135 49 E. long., on the slope of a range of picturesque hills, beautifully wooded, with cryptomerias, evergreen oaks, the rare Podocarpus Nageia, &c. From 710, when it was chosen as her residence by Gemmei Tenno, till 794, when Kioto was founded by Kuwammu Tenno, Nara was the chief seat of the mikados ; and, as during that period Japanese art was in its early vigour, and was largely patron ized by the Shinto and Buddhist religions, it rapidly became a great and sumptuous city. At present (though hardly a tenth of its former size) it has a population of about 21,500, living in 6000 houses; and in antiquarian interest it is hardly second to any place in the empire. The site of the old imperial palace, which stood about four miles from the town on the way to Ozaka, is now indicated only by a small Shinto temple ; but about a mile off are the tombs of Gemmei Tenno and Gen-cho Tenno. Of the many religious buildings still extant, two especially demand attention the Shinto temple of Kusuga and the Buddhist To-dai-ji (Great Temple of the East). The former was founded in 767 in the time of Sho-to-ku Tenno ; and its Kami chapels with their rough red-painted log-work afford fine examples of primitive Japanese architecture. A rough wooden building constructed for storing the mikado s furniture in the 8th century is still extant, and among the articles accumulated within are many of those mentioned in the original inventory. In the temple-park are herds of tame deer (Cervus shika, Sieb.) ; and little images of deer and trinkets from deer s horn are the favourite charms purchased by the pilgrims. Within the enclosure stands a curious old trunk on which are growing the camellia, the cherry, the nandina, the wistaria, and what the Japanese call the seven-colour bush (nana-iro-iro ri). The To-dai-ji was begun by Shomu Tenno in the 8th century, and was last restored in the 18th. At present the buildings enclose a quadrangle 520 feet by 620, the south side being mainly occupied by the huge, ungainly, and no longer perpendicular hall containing the Dai Butsu, or colossal statue of Buddha. The casting of this wonderful piece of work was, after eight failures, accomplished in 749 by Takusho, an artist from Corea. On two occasions the head has been melted during the burning of the temple (1180 and 1567), and from 1567 to 1697 the statue stood exposed to the weather ; but in the main it is marvellously perfect. The height of the figure is 55 feet, the face is 13 feet long, the ears 8, the nose 3, and the great halo has a diameter of 80 feet. On a hill to the east of the temple stands a bell- house with a monster bell, cast in 732, 13| feet high, 9 feet across the mouth, and weighing 37 tons. Of the great Buddhist temple Ko-buku-ji, which was founded in 710, and burnt for the third time in 1717, there remains little save a five-storied pagoda 150 feet high, dating from 730. NARBADA. See NEBBUDDA. NARBONNE, a city of France, chief town of an arrondissement in the department of Aude, lies 5 miles from the Mediterranean, on the Robine Canal, a branch of the Canal du Midi, which connects it with the port of La Nouvelle, and on the railway from Toulouse to Cette, 93 miles east-south-east of the former city, at the point where the line for Barcelona via Perpignan breaks off. The Robine Canal divides Narbonne into two distinct portions,