Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 17.djvu/22

Rh 12 M O Z M U H kavkas, with which it is connected by a highroad, and 36| miles east of the Prochladnaya station on the Rostoff- Vladikavkas railway. Built on the site of an oak-wood (moz, noz, thick or dark, dok, wood, in Kabardine) in 1763 by Kogorko-Kontchukin, prince of Kabarda, it soon be came an important point in the Russian line towards the Caucasus, and was fortified with earthen rampart and ditch. In 1840 it was attacked by Schamyl and 5000 mountaineers. The population (8760 in 1863) numbered 11,008 in 1877, 52 per cent, being &quot; Orthodox &quot; (with very few sectaries), 29 per cent. Armenians, 15 per cent. Moham medans, and 2 per cent. Catholics. Gardening and agri culture are the main means of subsistence, scarcely fifty individuals living by trade. The melons and water-melons of Mozdok are widely famed ; and, though vine-growing was only begun in 1873, by 1876 there was a production of 563 casks of wine or 1,416,000 bottles. An oil-mill, tanneries, and soapworks are among the industrial estab lishments. Three fairs are held in the year. MOZLEY, JAMES BOWLING (1813-1878), English theo logian, a native of Lincolnshire, born in 1813, was edu cated at Oriel College, Oxford, where he graduated in 1834. He was appointed to a fellowship at Magdalen College in 1837, was ordained deacon in 1838, priest in 1844, and became vicar of Shoreham in 1856. In 1869 he became canon of Worcester, and in 1871 regius professor of divinity at Oxford. He died at Shoreham on 4th January 1878. He wrote A Treatise on the Augustinian Doctrine of Predestination (1855) ; The Primitive Doctrine of Baptismal Regeneration (1856) ; A Review of the Baptismal Controversy (1863) ; Subsection to the Articles : a Letter (1863) ; Lectures on Miracles, being the Bampton Lectures for 1865 ; University Sermons, 1876 ; and a volume on the Old Testament entitled Ruling Ideas in Early Ages (1877). In all these works he has advocated his views, those of a strongly- convinced English High-Churchman, with uprightness, learning, acuteness, and sagacity. MTSENSK (popularly called Amchensk), a district town of Russia, situated in the government of Orel on the navigable Zusha river, 17 miles from its junction with the Oka, on the Moscow and Kursk railway, 32 miles to the north-east of Orel. It is mentioned in the Russian chronicles as early as 1147 as a town of the principality of Tchernigoff. Many battles were fought for its possession, and the plains around are dotted with grave -mounds. Though protected by a fort which occupied a strong posi tion, the town was taken and plundered several times by the Tatars, the Russians, the Poles, and the Lithuanians. From 1320 to 1530 it was under the rule of Lithuania; in the latter year it was taken by Russia, and became one of her chief strongholds against the raids of the Tatars. It is now an important centre for trade in grain, hemp, hemp-seed oil, tobacco, and wine-spirit, shipped on the Zusha, Oka, and Volga to and from Moscow, Nijni- Novgorod, and St Petersburg, or forwarded by rail to Moscow, Libau, and Riga. Population, 15,000. MUCILAGE, a term which denotes a viscid or glutinous mixture of water and any gummy vegetable substance. The principal sources of mucilaginous matters are enu merated under GUM (vol. xi. p. 276). A mucilage indi cates a physical condition or property rather than any definite chemical constitution, and consequently it may possess various characters, but as a rule the term is re stricted to the bodies which swell into a kind of jelly with water, having the insoluble gum bassorin as their prin cipal constituent. Such mucilages are useful in medicine as emollients and demulcents, and in the arts as thickeners (in calico-printing, dyeing, &c.). A remarkable variety of mucilage has been recently obtained by Stanford of Glasgow from certain of the commoner kinds of Algx, and called from its source algin. The Laminarise yield it in abundance and in a comparatively colourless condition ; it is also found in Fuel, but darkly coloured. It is a sub stance of considerable thickening character, and has the peculiar property of gelatizing on the addition of a dilute mineral acid. A solution containing only 2 per cent, of algin when thus treated sets into a solid jelly. Alcohol has the same effect upon it. It is extracted from the plants by sodium carbonate, and as it can be obtained in large quantity it may become useful in the dressing of fabrics, or as a thickener in calico-printing. MUGGLETON, LODOWICK (1610-1698), the founder of the sect of the Muggletonians, was born in Bishopsgate Street, London, about the year 1610. His father was a farrier, but he himself was bred to be a tailor. In 1651 he began to have revelations by &quot;a motional voice,&quot; and to proclaim himself and a brother tailor, John Reeve, as the two witnesses mentioned in the Apocalypse, and as the &quot; true prophets of the only high, immortal, glorious God, Jesus Christ.&quot; An exposition of their doctrines was pub lished in 1656 under the title of The Divine Looking-Glass. Among other views (besides the doctrine of the divine mission of the authors) this work taught that the distinc tion of the three persons in the Trinity is merely nominal, that God has a real human body, and that He left Elijah as His vicegerent in heaven when He Himself descended to die on the cross. These opinions, strange to say, gained considerable currency, and naturally also called forth much opposition. William Penn s book, The New Witnesses proved Old Heretics (1672), was directed against them, and in 1676 Muggleton was tried at the Old Bailey and convicted of blasphemy. Reeve died in 1658, but Muggle ton survived till 1698. His collected works, including the posthumous Acts of the Witnesses, were published in 1756; and in 1832 some sixty Muggletonians subscribed to bring out a new edition of The Works of J. Reeve and L. Muggleton (in 3 vols. 4to). Even as late as 1846 The Divine Looking-Glass was reprinted by members of the sect, which is now, however, believed to be extinct. MUHLHAUSEN, a busy manufacturing town of Thuringia in the district of Erfurt, Prussia, is situated on the right bank of the Unstrut, 25 miles to the north west of Gotha. It consists of a new and an old town surrounded by five suburbs, and with its numerous old churches and towers presents a quaint and picturesque appearance. The most interesting churches are those of the Blessed Virgin and St Blasius, dating respectively from the 14th and from the 12th century; the town-house is also a fine mediaeval structure. Miihlhausen contains a gymnasium, a &quot; real school,&quot; a theatre, an orphanage, and two hospitals. Its chief industries are the spinning and weaving of woollens and cottons, in which about 50,000 spindles and 3000 looms are employed ; but a list of its other manufactures includes the most varied articles, such as needles, machinery, cigars, soap, hosiery, and shoes. There are also numerous large establishments for dyeing, tanning, lime-burning, iron-making, brewing, and the pre paration of liqueurs. The active trade of the town is mainly in grain, fruit, garden-stuff, wool, and cattle, and is fos tered by the fertility of the surrounding country, which is remarkable for the abundance of its streams and water courses. The great majority of the inhabitants, numbering 23,478 in 1880, are Protestants. Miihlhausen is one of the oldest towns in Thuringia, and is said to have been fortified in 925. Its early importance is shown by the grant of imperial privileges made to it by the emperor Henry L, and by the diet held there in 1135. At the epoch of the Refor mation Miihlhausen became notorious as one of the chief seats of the Anabaptists. Thomas Miinzer, one of their leaders, was captured in the vicinity and executed in the town. Internal dissensions and injury received during the Thirty Years War and the Seven Years War afterwards reduced Miihlhausen to unimportance. In 1802 it lost its independence and passed to Prussia, in 1807 it was