Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 16.djvu/879

Rh M O R M O R 847 there in 1808, and, in addition to his official duties con nected with this post, laboured with intense application at a Chinese Grammar and a translation of the New Testament, both of which were published in 1814. In 1817 he published A View of China for Philological Pur poses, and his translation of the entire Bible was completed in the following year. His next enterprise was the estab lishment of an Anglo-Chinese college at Malacca for &quot; the reciprocal cultivation of Chinese and European literature,&quot; which was opened in 1820. In 1821 his Chinese Dictionary was published by the East India Company at an expense of 15,000. Leaving China at the close of 1823 he spent two years in England, where he advocated Chinese missions before large and enthusiastic audiences, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. Returning to China in 1826 he set himself to promote education and to prepare a Chinese commentary on the Bible and other Christian literature. He died at Canton on 1st August 1834. His Memoirs, compiled by his widow, were published in 1839 (2 vols. 8vo, London). MORRISTOWN, a city of the United States, county seat of Morris county, New Jersey, lies on the Whippany river, 31 miles from New York by the Morris and Essex division of the Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western Rail road. It was twice the headquarters of the American army during the War of Independence, and Washington s residence, owned by the Washington Association, assisted by the State, is a half-mile to the east. On Whatnong mountain, 3 miles distant, stands the State insane asylum, usually called Morristown Asylum, a vast granite building 1243 feet long, erected in 1874-1875, and capable of ac commodating 1000 patients. The population in 1880 was 5418. MORSE, SAMUEL FINLEY BREESE (1791-1872), artist and inventor, was born at the foot of Breed s Hill, Charles- town, Massachusetts, on 27th April 1791. His father was the Rev. Jedediah Morse, D.D., the author of Morse s Geography. At the age of fourteen Samuel Morse entered Yale College ; under the instruction of Professors Day and Silliman he received the first impulse towards those elec trical studies with which his name is mainly identified. In 1811 Morse, whose tastes during his early years led him more strongly towards art than towards science, be came the pupil of Washington Allston, then the greatest of American artists, and accompanied his master to England, where he remained four years. His success at this period was considerable; but on his return to America in 1815 he failed to obtain commissions for historical paintings, and after working on portraits for two years at Charleston, S.C., he removed first to Washington and afterwards to Albany, finally settling in New York. In 1825 he laid the foundations of the National Academy of Design, and was elected its first president, an office which he filled until 1845. The year 1827 marks the revival of Morse s interest in electricity. It was at that time that he learned from Professor J. F. Dana of Columbia College the ele mentary facts of electromagnetism. As yet, hoAvever, he was devoted to his art, and in 1829 he again went to Europe to study the old masters. The year of his return, 1832, may be said to close the period of his artistic, and to open that of his scientific life. On board the packet-ship &quot;Sully,&quot; which sailed from Havre 1st October 1832, while discussing one day with his fellow-passengers the properties of the electromagnet, he was led to remark : &quot;If the presence of electricity can be made visible in any part of the circuit, I see no reason why intelligence may not be transmitted by electricity.&quot; It was not a novel proposition, but the process of formu lating it started in his mind a train of new and momentous ideas. The current of electricity, he knew, would pass instantaneously any distance along a wire ; and if it were interrupted a spark would appear. It now occurred to him that the spark might represent a part of speech,, either a letter or a number; the absence of the spark, another part ; and the duration of its absence, or of the spark itself, a third, so that an alphabet might be easily formed, and words indicated. In a few days he had completed rough drafts of the necessary apparatus, which he displayed to his fellow-passengers. 1 During the twelve years that followed Morse was engaged in a painful struggle to perfect his invention and secure for it a proper presenta tion to the public. The refusal of the Government to com mission him to paint one of the great historical pictures in the rotunda of the Capitol seemed to destroy all his old artistic ambition. In poverty he pursued his new enter prise, making his own models, moulds, and castings, deny ing himself the common necessaries of life and encountering embarrassments and delays of the most disheartening kind. It was not until 1836 that he completed any apparatus- that would work, his original idea having been supple mented by his discovery in 1835 of the &quot;relay,&quot; by mean* of which the electric current might be reinforced or renewed where it became weak through distance from its source. Finally, on 2d September 1837, the instrument was- exhibited to a few friends at his room in the university building, New York, where a circuit of 1700 feet of copper wire had been set up, with such satisfactory results as to awaken the practical interest of the Messrs Vail, iron and brass workers in New Jersey, who thenceforth became asso ciated with Morse in his undertaking. Morse s petition for a patent was dated 28th September 1837, and was. soon followed by a petition to Congress for an appro priation to defray the expense of subjecting the telegraph to actual experiment over a length sufficient to establish its feasibility and demonstrate its value. The committee on commerce, to whom the petition was referred, reported favourably. Congress, however, adjourned without making the appropriation, and meanwhile Morse sailed for Europe to take out patents there. The trip was not a success. In England his application was refused, on the alleged ground that his invention had been already published ; and, while he obtained a patent in France, it was subse quently appropriated by the French Government without compensation to himself. His negotiations also with Russia proved futile, and after a year s absence he returned to- New York. On 23d February 1843 Congress passed the long-delayed appropriation, steps were at once taken to construct a telegraph from Baltimore to Washington, and on the 24th of May 1844 it was used for the first time. Morse s patents were already secured to him and his asso ciates, and companies were soon formed for the erection of telegraph lines all over the United States. In the year 1847 Morse was compelled to defend his invention in the courts, and successfully vindicated his claim to be called the original inventor of the electromagnetic recording tele graph. Thenceforward Morse s life was spent in witnessing the growth of his enterprise and in gathering the honours- which an appreciative public bestowed upon him. As years went by he received from the various foreign Govern ments their highest distinctions, while in 1858 the repre sentatives of Austria, Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Piedmont, Russia, the Holy See, Sweden, Tuscany, and Turkey appropriated the sum of 400,000 francs in recog nition of the use of his instruments in those countries. In the preparations for laying the first Atlantic cable he took an active part, though the attempt of 1857, in which he personally engaged, was not successful. He died 2d April 1 Five years later the captain of the ship identified under oatli Morse s completed instrument with that which Morse had explained ou board the &quot;Sully&quot; hi 1832.