Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 16.djvu/822

Rh 792 M O N M O N hold, his son, however, being appointed marshal by way of indemnity. On the accession of Charles IX. in 1560 he resumed his offices and dignities, and, uniting with his former enemies, the Guises, played an important part in the Huguenot Avar of 1562. Though the arms of his party were victorious at Dreux, he himself fell into the hands of the enemy, and was not liberated until the treaty of Amboise (19th March 1563). In 1567 he again triumphed at St Denis, but received the death-blow of which he died soon afterwards at Paris. His eldest son, FRANCHISE de Montmorency (1530-1579), was married to Diana, natural daughter of Henry II. ; another son, HENRI I. de Mont morency (1534-1614), was constable of France from 1593. HENRY II. (1595-1632), son of duke Henry I., succeeded to the title in 1614, having previously been raised by Louis XIII. to the office of grand admiral. In 1625 he defeated the French Protestant fleet under Soubise, and seized the islands of Rhe and Oleron, but the jealousy of Richelieu deprived him of the means of following up these advantages. In 1628-1629 he was allowed to command against the duke of Rohan in Languedoc ; in 1630 he defeated the Piedmon- tese, and captured Prince Doria, at Avigliana, and took Saluces. In the same year he was created marshal. In 1632 he joined the party of Gaston, duke of Orleans, and placed himself at the head of the rebel army, which was defeated by Marshal Schomberg at Castelnaudary (1st September 1632); severely wounded, he fell into the enemy s hands, and, abandoned by Gaston, was executed as a traitor at Toulouse on 30th October. The title passed to his sister CHARLOTTE-MARGUERITE, princess of Conde. MONTORO, a town of Spain, in the province of Cordova, 27 miles to the north-north-east of that city, on the Madrid railway, stands on a rocky peninsula on the south bank of the Guadalquivir, here crossed by a fine bridge of four arches dating from the 16th century. Its most conspicuous build ing is a hospital, said to be one of the best in Andalucia. The most important article of commerce is the oil of the surrounding district. The population of the ayuntamiento was 13,293 in 1878. MONTPELIER, a town of the United States, the capital of Vermont (since 1805), and the county seat of Washington county (since 1811), is situated in 44 17 N. lat. and 72 36 W. long., on the Winooski or Onion river, which falls into Lake Champlain. It has a station on the Central Vermont Railroad, and is the western terminus of the Montpelier and Wells River and the Montpelier and White River Railroads. The State-house, in the form of a Greek cross with a dome and Doric portico, was erected at a cost of $150,000, to replace the structure burned down in 1857. Under the portico stands a marble statue (by Larkin G. Mead) of Ethan Allen (1737-1789), the hero of Vermont. The State library contains 20,000 volumes. From 2411 in 1860 the population had increased to 3219 in 1880. MONTPELLIER, chief town of the department of H6rault, France, is situated at the junction of several railway lines, on a small hill rising above the Lez, at its confluence with the Merdanson, about 480 miles south of Paris, and about 7 miles from the Mediterranean, from which it is separated by the lagoons of Perols and 1 Arnel. As the headquarters of the 16th corps d arme e, as the seat of a bishop, of a university, and of a court of appeal, Montpellier is the principal place of lower Languedoc. The Place du Peyrou, 575 feet in length by 410 in breadth, one of the finest squares in France, occupies the highest part of the town, and terminates in a terrace, commanding a magnificent view of the coasts of the Mediterranean, and of a wide stretch of country reaching to the Cevennes on the north, to the spurs of the Pyrenees on the south-west, and to those of the Alps on the north-east. On the terrace is situated the reservoir of the town, the water being brought from a distance of 5 or 6 miles by an aqueduct of two tiers of arches, about 70 feet in height. In the centre of the square is an equestrian statue of Louis XIV. To the right and left are promenades, on which the chief boulevards converge. The Boulevard Henri IV. to the north leads to the botanical garden, medical college, and cathedral ; to the east the Rue Nationale leads to the palace of justice, the prefecture, and the citadel. The cathe dral, which until 1536 was the church of a Benedictine monastery, suffered severely during the religious wars, but about thirty years ago it was restored in the style of the 13th century. It has four towers, and is one of the largest churches in southern France, being more than 300 feet in length, 92 in breadth, and 88 in height. The monastery, after being converted into the bishop s palace, has since 1795 being occupied by the famous medical school. The portrait of Rabelais hangs in the gallery of former professors. Connected with the medical school is an anatomical museum and a rich library. Montpellier also possesses a faculty of science, with several fine collections, a faculty of letters, a higher school of pharmacy, an agricultural college, and a sericultural institute. The museum contains more than 600 paintings, in addition to collections of marbles, bronzes, and antiquities. The botanical garden, more than 10 acres in extent, is the oldest in France, having been laid out in 1593. The esplanade, ornamented by fine old trees planted by the due de Roquelaure, formerly governor of Languedoc, leads towards the citadel. The inner city has narrow and tortuous streets, but many good houses. Among the public buildings, the principal are the palace of justice a modern structure, the fagade adorned with statues of the statesman Cambaceres and of Cardinal Fleury the barracks, several hospitals, the juvenile seminary, and the central prison for females. There are several learned societies, including an academy of science and letters, an antiquarian society, several medical societies, and others for various separate branches of study, including the dialect of Languedoc. The Lez has been deepened and widened so as to connect Montpellier with the Canal du Midi and with the sea at Palavas. The town has a considerable trade in wine and brandy. The principal industrial establishment is a manufactory for wax-tapers, candles, and soap, doing business to the amount of 400,000 per annum. There are also chemical works, cooperages, distilleries, Arc. The population in 1881 was 56,005. Montpellier first rose into importance after the destruction of Maguelone by Charles Martel in 737. Its prosperity dates from the beginning of the 12th century, when its school of medicine (see vol. xv. p. 807) first began to acquire fame. It had a school of law in 1160, and a university was founded by Pope Nicholas IV. in 1292. St Louis (Loms IX.) granted to the town the right of free trade with the whole of the kingdom, a privilege which greatly increased its prosperity. In 1204 Montpellier became a dependency of the house of Aragon, through marriage, and in 1350 it was sold to Philip of Valois. In the time of Charles VIII. it is said to have had 35,000 hearths. It took the place of the bishopric of Mague lone in 1536. At the time of the Reformation it became one of the most important centres of Protestantism, but was taken by Louis XIII., who erected the citadel commanding the town. Several years afterwards Montpellier was partly depopulated by the plague. Of the old fortifications little now remains save the gate of Peyrou, a triumphal arch of date 1712, opposite the place of the same name. See Germain, Histoire du commerce de Montpellier ante rieurement a I ouverturf duport de Cette (2 vols., 1801), and Histoire de la commune, de Montpellier (3 vols., 1851) ; Aigrefeuille, Histoire. de la ville de Montpellier (1877). MONTPENSIER, ANNE MARIE LOUISE D ORLEANS, DUCHESSE DE (1627-1693), one of the most remarkable names on the somewhat arbitrary list of royal and noble authors, was born at the Louvre on 29th May 1627. Her father was Gaston of Orleans, &quot; Monsieur,&quot; the brother of Louis XIII., celebrated for the invariable ill fate which attended his favourites and partisans. Her mother was Marie de Bourbon, heiress of the Montpensier family. Being