Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 16.djvu/804

Rh 774 M O N M N 900,915 bushels ; barley, 39,970 bushels ; hay, 63,947 tons ; wool, 995, 484 pounds ; value of all farm products, $2, 024, 923. The live stock interest is large, and is increasing rapidly. The great extent of pasture afforded by the plains and the broad valleys of the mountains would seem to promise an almost unlimited extension of this industry in the future. Both cattle and sheep owners, however, labour under disadvantages as compared with the owners farther south. The lower temperature and heavier snows, and particularly the danger of great extremes of temperature, require that provision of shelter and food be made for a part or all of the winter season, otherwise the rancheman runs the risk of occasional severe losses. The census of 1880 furnishes the following statistics of live-stock : horses, 35,114 ; mules and asses, 858 ; working oxen, 936; milch cows, 11,308; other cattle, 160,143; sheep, 184,277; swine, 10,278 ; total value of live-stock, $5,151,554. In mineral production Montana has never taken a leading place, although in the early days some of the placer ground yielded well. The rich placers of Little Prickly Pear, Bannack, and Alder Gulch were quickly exhausted. The produce of the latter has been reported variously at from $25,000,000 to $40,000,000, the greater part of which was extracted in a few months. In the year 1879-80 $1,805,767 worth of gold and $2,905,068 of silver were extracted, about three-fourths from deep mines and one-fourth from placers. For the year 1882 the total mineral production is reported at $8,004,000, of which about $1,000,000 was for copper and lead. Population. Owing largely to its remote position the population as well as the material prosperity of Montana have had a slow growth in comparison with other more favoured portions of the west. The population in 1880, as reported by the census, was 39,159 (28,177 males, and 10, 982 females), an increase of 90 &quot;1 per cent, over that in 1870. There were 27,638 natives, and 11,521 of foreign birth, while 35,385 were whites, 346 negroes or of mixed negro blood, 1765 Chinese, and 1 663 citizen Indians. By far the greater portion of the popula tion is found in the western half, upon the head-waters of the Missouri and Clark s Fork. The eastern half is as yet but very sparsely settled, and probably it will never sustain more than a small population. The Territory is divided into eleven counties, which, with their population in 1880, were the following: Beaverhead, 2712; Choteau, 3058 ; Custer, 2510 ; Dawson, 180 ; Deer Lodge, 8876 ; Gallatin, 3643 ; Jefferson, 2464 ; Lewis and Clark, 6521 ; Madison, 3915 ; Meagher, 2743 ; Missoula, 2537. The principal settlements are Helena, the capital (3624) ; Butte, a mining town (3363) ; and Bozeman, in the Gallatin valley upon the Northern Pacific Railway, which in 1880 had a population of 894 and has probably double that number at present (1883). The total number of Indians in Montana is estimated by the Indian office at 19,764. These are nominally congregated at five agencies, although in reality they roam over the entire Territory. They are of various tribes, the principal of which are the Sioux, Crow, Blackfoot, Gros Ventre, Assinaboine, and Pend d Oreille. Their reservations cover more than one-third of the Territory. Government and Finance. The government of Montana is similar to that of the other Territories. The governor, secretary, chief jus tice, and two associate justices are appointed by the president of the United States. The treasurer, auditor, and superintendent of public instruction are elected by the people of the Territory, as are also the members of the two houses of the legislature. Montana is repre sented in Congress by a delegate, also elective, who has liberty to take part in debate but has no vote. The Territorial debt at the close of 1881 was but $70,000. The amount raised by Territorial taxation was $93,211. History. The Montana country was originally acquired by the United States under the Louisiana purchase. It became successively Territory, and of Dakota. On 26th May 1864 it was organized under a Territorial government of its own, with practically its present boundaries. The exploration of this region commenced with the celebrated expedition of Lewis and Clark in 1803-1806. Between 1850 and 1855 it was traversed and mapped by a number of exploring parties, having in view the selection of trans-continental railroad routes. Since then numberless expeditions have examined it, and some systematic topographic work has been done under different branches of the United States Government. The first settlers entered the Territory in 1861, discovered placer gold on Little Prickly Pear Creek, and shortly after built the city of Helena. Later, the placers at Bannack were discovered, and a small &quot;rush &quot; to the Territory commenced. In 1863 the rich placers at Alder Gulch were brought to view, and miners and adventurers swarmed in from all parts. Then it was that the early social history of Cali fornia was repeated on a smaller scale in Montana. The lawless elements assumed control, and for many months neither life nor property was safe. Indeed, for a time the community was in a state of blockade ; no one with money in his possession could get out of the Territory. Finally, the citizens organized a &quot; Vigilance Committee&quot; for self-preservation, took the offensive, and after a short sharp struggle rid the community of its disturbing elements. After the exhaustion of the placers, the population decreased, owing to the migration of the floating mining class ; but their place was soon taken by more permanent settlers. (H. G*. ) MONTANISM is a somewhat misleading name for the movement in the 2d century which, along with Gnos ticism, occupied the most critical period in the history of the early church. It was the overthrow of Gnosticism and Montanism that made the &quot; Catholic &quot; church. The credit of first discerning the true significance of the Montanistic movement belongs to Ritschl. 1 In this article an account will be given of the general significance of Montanism in relation to the history of the church in the 2d century, followed by a sketch of its origin, development, and decline. 1. From the middle of the 2d century a change began to take place in the outward circumstances of Christianity. The Christian faith had hitherto been maintained in a few small congregations scattered over the Roman em pire. These congregations were provided with only the most indispensable constitutional forms, neither stricter nor more numerous than were required by a religious bond resting on supernatural expectations, strict discipline, and brotherly love (&quot; Corpus sumus de conscientia re- ligionis, de unitate discipline, de spei foedere &quot;). This state of things passed away. The churches soon found numbers within their pale who stood in need of super vision, instruction, and regular control. The enthusiasm for a life of holiness and separation from the world, the eager outlook for the end of the world, the glad surrender to the gospel message, were no longer the influences by which all minds were swayed. In many cases sober convictions or submissive assent supplied the want of spontaneous enthusiasm. There were many who did not become, but who were, and therefore remained, Christians, too powerfully attracted by Christianity to abandon it, and yet not powerfully enough to have adopted it for themselves. Then, in addition to this, social distinctions asserted themselves amongst the breth ren. Christians were already found in all ranks and occupations in the imperial palace, among the officials, in the abodes of labour and the halls of learning, amongst slaves and freemen. Were all these to be left in their callings 1 Should the church take the decisive step into the world, consent to its arrangements, conform to its customs, acknowledge as far as possible its authorities, and satisfy its requirements 1 Or ought she, on the other hand, to remain, as she had been at first, a society of religious devotees, separated and shut out from the world by a rigorous discipline and working on it only through a direct propaganda? This was the dilemma that the church had to face in the second half of the 2d century : either she must commence a world-wide mission in the comprehensive sense by an effective entrance into Roman society renouncing, of course, her original peculiarities and exclusiveness ; or, retaining these peculiarities and clinging to the old modes of life, she must remain a small insigni ficant sect, barely intelligible to one man in a thousand, and utterly incapable of saving and educating nations. That this was the question at issue ought to be obvious enough to us now, although it could not be clearly per ceived at the time. It was natural that warning voices should then be raised in the church against secular tendencies, that the well-known counsels about the imita tion of Christ should be held up in their literal strictness before worldly Christians, that demands should be made for a restoration of the old discipline and severity, and for a return to apostolic simplicity and purity. The church as n whole, however, under pressure of circumstances rather than by a spontaneous impulse, decided otherwise. She marched through the open door into the Roman state, and settled 1 Entstehung der Altkatholischen Kirche, 2d ed., Bonn, 1857.
 * part of Louisiana Territory, of Missouri Territory, of Nebraska