Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 16.djvu/449

Rh M I N M I N 431 Realgar, 205. Sanidinc, 589. Sideroschisolite, Stolzite, 362. Tennantite, 238. Tritomite, 646. Villarsite, 553. Wolfsbergitc, 217. Reddingite, 396. Saponite, 548. 539. Strahlstein, 578. Tenorite, 80. Trogerite, 427. Vitriol, green, 324 ; Wolkonskoite, 663. Reddle, 82. Sapphire, 81. Siderosilicite, 661. Strengite, 398. Tephroite, 479. Trona, 291. red, 347; white, Yollastonite, 666. Redruthite, 164. Sapphire d eau, Siegenite, 153. Stromeyerite, 165. Tetradymite, 10. Troostite, 487. 322. Woodwardite, 351. Reinite, 363. 585. Sillimanite, 462. Strontianite, 284. Tetrahedrite, 237. Tschewkinite, 671. Vitriol ochre, 331. Vulfenite, 358. Reissite, 613. Sapphirine, 93. Silver, 21. Struvite, 428. Tharandite, 273. Tufa, 272. Vivianlte, 384. Wurtzite, 178. Resins, 707-728. Sapphirite, 4G5. Sinter, 137. Studerite, 233. Thenardite, 310. Tungstite, 128. Voglite, 300. Xanthocon, 251. Retinite, 714. Sarcolite, 499. Sisserskite, 32. Stylotyp, 232. Thermonatrite, 289. Turgite, 106. Volborthite, 415. Xantholite, 464. Reussine, 337. Sartovite, 214. Skutterudite, 157. Succinite, 713. Thomsenolite, 45. Turnerite, 368. Volgerite, 131. Xanthophyllite, Rhagite, 426. Sassoline, 105. Slate clay, 629. Sulphur, 1. I homsonite, 626. Turquoise, 404. Voltaite, 342. 525. Rhodizite, 264. Satin spar, 281. Slate spar, 272. Sunstone, 592. Thorite, 644. Tyrite, 695. Volttine, 254. Xanthosiderite, Rhodoclirome, 532. Saussurite, 597. Smaltine, 145. Surturbiand, 731. Tliraulite, 659. Tyrolite, 422. Vulpinite, 312. 111. Rhodonite, 574. Savon de verricr, Smikite, 325. Susannite, 307. Thrombolite, 703. Ulexite, 268. Wad, 121. Xenotime, 366. Ripidolite, 533. 101. Sralthsonite, 280. Sussexite, 271. Thulite, 472. Ullmannite, 148. Wagnerite, 447. Xonotlite, 600. Rittingerite, 187. Saynite, 154. Soda-chabasite, Svanbergite, 453. Thuringite, 537. Umber, C61. Walchowite, 715. Xylite, 660. Rivotite, 703. Scapolite, 502. 609. Sylvanite, 194. Tiemannite, 199. Uraninite, 90. Walkerite, 599. Yellow earth, 655. Rock-crystal, 135. Scavbroite, 634. Sodalite, 508. Sylvite, 50. Tilkerodite, 161. Uranite, 436. Walpurgite, 441. Yttrocerite, 34. Rock-salt, 51. Scheelite, 361. Soda-mica, 520. Symplesite, 385. Tin, 15; ores of, Uranocircite, 438. Wapplerite, 382. Yttroilmenite, 697. Rock soap, 655. Scheererite, 725. Spadaite, 546. Syngenite, 339. 98. Uranophane, 665. Warringtonite, 335. Yttrotantalite, 694. Romanzowite, 493. Schiller spar, 5C4. Spar, heavy, 313. Szaboite, 576. Tinder-ore, 129. Uranospinite, 437. Washingtonite, 83. Yttrotitanite, 669. Romcite, 700. Schirmerite, 220. Spathiopyrite, 142. Szaibelyite, 269. Tinkal, 260. Uranotantalite, 697. Water, 74. Yu, 627. Roscoelite, 678. Schneebergite, 700. Spliene, 668. Tabcrgite, 532. Titanomorphite, Uranothorite, 644. Wavellite, 405. Zaratite, 298. Roselite, 380. Schnciderite, 22. Spinel, 93. Tabular spar, 566. 679. Uranotile, 666. Websterite, 329. Zeagonite, 625. Rothoffite, 493. Schorl, 466. Spodumene, 572. Tachhydrite, 63. Tobermorite, 601. Uran-vitriol, 336. Wehrlite, 11. Zeolites, 598-628. Rottisite, 664. Schorlomite, 670. Stannite, 185. Tagilite, 416. Tocornaclite, 59. Urao, 291. Weissgiltigerz, 239. Zepharovichite, 406. Rubellan, 512. Schwartzember- Stassfurtite, 263. Talc, 540. Topaz, 81, 463. Urusite, 346. Weissite, 585. Zeunerite, 440. Rubellite, 466. gite, 68. Staurolite, 464. Talcosite, 640. Torbanite, 727. Uwarowite, 493. Whewellite, 706. Zinc, 17. Rubicella, 93. Scolccite, 623. Steatite, 540. Tallingite, 70. Tourmaline, 466. Valentineite, 125. Whitneyite, 192. Zincite, 77. Ruby, 81, 93. Scorodite, 397. Steinheilite, 585. Tantalic ochre, 134. Travertino, 272. Vanadine-bronzite, Willemite, 480. Zinckenite, 215. Rutile, 95. Selenite, 319. Stcphanite, 240. Tantallte, 691. Tremolite, 578. 568. Wiserine, 366. Zinmvaldite, 517. Sahlite, 567. Selenium, 3. Sternbergite, 186. Tapiolite, 692. Triclasite, 585. Vanadinite, 445. Withamite, 473. Zircon, 138. Salmiac, 52. Selensulphur, 2. Stibiconite, 130. Telluric bismuth, 9. Tridymite, 136. Variscite, 406. Witherite, 282. Zoisite, 472. Salt, 51. Senarmontite, 124. Stibnite, 208. Telluric iron, 16. Triphylite, 369. Varvicite, 101. Wittichenite, 229. Zorgite, 162. Saltpetre, 259. Serpentine, 549. Stilbite, 618. Tellurite, 133. Triplite, 448. Vauquelinite, 357. Wbhlerite, 676. Zundererz, 132. Samarskite, 697. Shale, 629. Stilpnomelane, 561. Tellurium, 4; black, Triploidite, 393. Venus hair, 95. Wolchite, 230. 1 Zwieselite, 449. S indbergerite, 521. Siderite, 135, 277. Stolpenite, 655. 195 ; graphic,194. Trippkeite, 459. Veszelyite, 413. Wolframite, 364. (M. F. II.) MINERAL WATERS. No absolute line of demarca tion can be drawn between ordinary and mineral waters. There is usually in the latter an excess of mineral con stituents or of temperature, but some drinking waters contain more mineral constituents than others that are called mineral waters, and many very pure waters, both cold and warm, have been regarded for ages as mineral springs. As to the origin of mineral waters, there is much in what the elder Pliny said, that waters are such as the soil through which they flow. Thus in limestone and chalk districts an excess of lime is usually present ; and the waters of a particular district have much resemblance to each other as in the Eifel, in Auvergne, and in the Pyrenees. But this is only a partial explanation, for waters are by no means necessarily uniform throughout a particular geological formation. We do not know with any certainty the depth from which various mineral waters proceed, nor the various distances from the surface at which they take up their different mineral constituents. The source of the temperature of thermal waters remains a subject of much uncertainty. Among the assigned causes are the internal heat of the globe, or the development of heat by chemical or electrical agencies in the strata through which they arise. Their occasional intermittence is doubtless often depend ent on the periodical generation of steam, as in the case of the Geysers. A few geological facts are certain, which bear on the origin of mineral waters. Such springs are most abundant in volcanic districts, where many salts of soda and much carbonic acid are present. They occur most frequently at meetings of stratified with unstratified rocks, in saddles, and at points where there has been dislocation of strata. The diffusion of mineral waters is very extended. Pliny was quite correct in observing that they are to be found on alpine heights and arising from the bottom of the ocean. They are found at the snow in the Himalayas and they rise from the sea at Baiye and Ischia. They are to be found in all quarters of the globe, but more particularly in volcanic regions, as in the Eifel and Auvergne, in the Bay of Naples, and parts of Greece, in Iceland, New Zealand, and Japan. But there are few countries in which they are not to be found, except in very flat ones and in deltas of rivers, for instance, in the north of France, where they are very few, and in Holland, from which they are ab sent. France, Germany, Italy, and Spain, as well as Greece, Asia Minor, and the Caucasus, are all rich in mineral waters. The British Isles have a fair though not very large pro portion of them. There are a few in Sweden and Norway. They are abundant in the United States, less so in Canada. They are found in the Azores and in the West India Islands. Of their occurrence in the interior of Africa or of Australia we know little ; and the same is true of South America. But they are met with in Algiers, in Egypt, and in the Holy Land. The vast Indian peninsula has for its size a comparatively small supply. As the effects of mineral waters on the bodily system have been found to be different from those of drinking waters, an explanation of this has been naturally sought for. It has been imagined that there is something special in the nature of mineral waters, that their heat is not ordinary heat, that their condition is a peculiar electric one. Some French modern writers even say that they liave a certain life in them, that their constitution is analogous to that of the serum of the blood. But we must pass by these speculations, and be guided as far as possible by ascer tained facts, respecting the action on the system of water, of heat and cold, and of the mineral constituents present. Mineral waters, when analysed, are found to contain a great many substances, although some of them occur only in very minute quantities: soda, magnesia, calcium, potash, alumina, iron, boron, iodine, bromine, arsenic, lithium, caesium, rubidium, fluorine, barium, copper, zinc, manganese, strontium, silica, phosphorus, besides extractive matters, and various organic deposits known under the name of glairin or baregin. Of gases, there have been found carbonic acid, hydrosulphuric acid, nitrogen, hydro gen, oxygen, and ammonia. Of all these by far the most important in a therapeutic point of view are sodium, magnesia, and iron, carbonic acid, sulphur, and perhaps hydrosulphuric acid. These substances, detected separately by chemists, are in their analyses combined by them into various salts, if not with absolute certainty, undoubtedly