Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 16.djvu/447

Rh MINERALOGY 429 = 1-092. Pale yellow. Slightly resinous. Fluid at 212, viscid when cold; slightly soluble in water, and largely in alcohol, f onnin a yellow fluid with a bitter taste. C.c. : 77 01 carbon, 818 hydro&quot; gen, and 14 &quot;80 oxygen. Guayaquil in South America. Bogbutter, from the Irish peat mosses, is similar ; it melts at 124, is easily soluble in alcohol, and contains 7370 carbon, 12 50 hydrogen, and 1372 oxygen. 719. HARTINE, C 20 H 20 + H. Round masses or thin layers. Brittle, but easily cut with a knife. G. = 1 - 6. Resinous. Reddish brown by reflected and deep red by transmitted light ; streak light brown. Becomes black on exposure. C.c.: 86 43 carbon, 8 - 01 hydrogen, 5 56 oxygen. In the main coal seam at Middleton near Leeds, and at Newcastle. 720. OZOCERITE (Native Paraffin], CH . Amorphous, sometimes fibrous. Very soft, pliable, and easily fashioned with the fingers. G. =0 - 94 to 97. Glimmering or glistening; semitranslucent. Yellowish brown or hyacinth-red by transmitted, dark leek-green by reflected light. Strong paraffin or aromatic odour ; fuses easily to a clear oily fluid ; at higher temperature burns with a clear flame, seldom leaving any ashes ; readily soluble in oil of turpentine, with great difficulty in alcohol or ether. C.c.: 857 carbon, and 14 3 hydrogen. Binny (Linlith- gow), and Edinburgh ; Slanik and Zietriska in Moldavia, near Gaming in Austria, and Baku ; also at Urpeth coal-mine near Newcastle-on-Tyne. Pyropissite may be a variety. 721. HATCIIETTINE (Mineral Tallow}. Flaky, like spermaceti; or subgranular, like beeswax; soft and flexible. G. =0 6. Translucent; weak pearly. Yellowish white, wax-yellow, or greenish yellow. Greasy inodorous ; readily soluble in ether. C.c. : 85 91 carbon, 14 62 hydrogen, or similar to ozocerite. Loch Fyne (fusible at 115), Merthyr-Tydvil, Schaumburg. 722. FICHTELITE, C 4 H 3. Crystalline (oblique prismatic) lamellae, which swim in water, but sink in alcohol. White and pearly. Fuse at 114, but again become crystalline on cooling. Very easily soluble in ether, and pre cipitated by alcohol. C.c.: 88 9 carbon and 11 1 hydrogen. lupine wood in a peat-moss near Redwitz in Bavaria. 723. HARTITE, C 6 H S. Anorthic; but mostly like spermaceti or white wax, and lamellar. Sectile, but not flexible. H. =1; G. =1 046. Translucent; dull resinous. White. Melts at 165, and burns with much smoke. Very soluble in ether, much less so in alcohol. C.c.: 87 - 8 carbon, and 12 - 2 hydrogen. Oberhart in Austria. 724. KONLITE, C 2 H. Crystalline folia and grains. Soft. G. = 88. Translucent ; resinous. White, without smell. Fuses at 120 to 137. Sol. in n. acid; precipitated by water in a white crystalline mass. C.c.: 92 3 carbon, 77 hydrogen. Uznach near St Gall, Redwitz. 725. SCHEERERITE, CH 2. Oblique prismatic ; tabular or acicular. Soft and rather brittle. G. =-1 tol 2. Translucent; resinous or adamantine. White, in clining to yellow or green. Feels greasy, has no taste, and when cold no smell, but when heated a weak aromatic odour. Insoluble in water; readily sol. in alcohol, ether, and n. and s. acids. C.c.: 75 carbon, 25 hydrogen. Uznach. Branchite, white, translucent, fusing at 167, is similar; Montevaso in Tuscany. 726. IDRIALITE, C 3 H 2. Massive; fracture uneven or slaty; sectile. H. =1 to 1 5; G. =1 4 to 1 6 (17 to 3 &quot;2). Opaque; resinous. Greyish or brownish black ; streak blackish brown, inclining to red. Feels greasy. Burns with a thick smoky flame, giving out sulphurous acid, and leaving some reddish brown ashes. C.c.: 77 idrialine (=947 carbou and 5 &quot;3 hydrogen) and 18 cinnabar, with a little silica, alumina, pyrite, and lime. The idrialine may be extracted by warm olive oil or oil of turpentine as a pearly shining mass, difficultly fusible. Idria. 727. TORBANITE. Massive; fracture subconchoidal. Yellow, brown-grey andli&quot;lit brown. H. -1 5 to 2; G. -1 28. C.c. : 60 to 65 carbon, 9 hydrogen, 4 to 5 oxygen, 10 to 20 silicate of alumina. When distilled below redness yields a burning fluid holding paraffin in solution ; above redness a large quantity of highly illuminating gas. Shown by the microscope to consist of granules of a yellow bituminoid wax, with interstitial shaly matter. Torbanehill in Scotland, Pilsen in Bohemia, Kurakiua and Murayevna in Russia. 728. DOPPLERITE. Jelly-like elastic masses. Brownish black ; streak brown. Greasy lustre. H.-0 5; G. -I l. After drying H. =2 &quot;5; G. =1 5. Insol uble in alcohol and ether. An acid substance related to humic acid. From peat beds, Aussee (Styria) and Switzerland. THE COALS. 729. ANTHRACITE (Glance Coal}. Massive and disseminated; rarely columnar. Fracture conchoidal ; brittle. H. =2 to 2 5; G. = 1 4 to 1 7. Opaque; brilliant metallic. Iron-black; streak unaltered. Perfect conductor of electricity. Burns difficultly with a very weak or no flame, and does not cake ; in the closed tube yields a little moisture, but no empyreumatic oil; detonates with nitre. C.c.: carbon above 90 per cent, with 1 to 3 oxygen, 1 to 4 hydrogen, and to 3 nitrogen ; and ashes chiefly of silica, alumina, lime, and peroxide of iron. Common in some parts of all coal-fields; and especially in the United States, as in Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and above all in Pennsylvania. Used chiefly for manufacturing metals. 730. COMMON COAL (Black Coal, Stone or Mineral Coal, JBitu minous Coal}. Compact, slaty, or confusedly fibrous; often dividing into rhom- boidal, columnar, or cubical fragments. Fracture conchoidal, un even, or fibrous; rather brittle or sectile. H. =-2 to 2 5; G. 1 2 to 1 5. Vitreous, resinous, or silky in the fibrous variety. Blackish brown, pitch-black, or velvet-black. Burns easily, emitting flame and smoke, with a bituminous odour ; heated in the closed tube yields much oil. C.c. : 74 to 90 carbon, with 6 to 8 or 15 oxygen, 3 to 6 hydrogen, to 1 to 2 nitrogen, O l to 3 sulphur, and 1 to 11 earthy matters or ash, in 100 parts. Slate Coal or Sjrtint has a thick slaty structure, and an uneven fracture. Cherry Coal is the name applied to the brittle highly lus trous variety common in the English coal-fields. Caking Coal is a more bituminous variety which undergoes semifusion when ignited, caking or agglutinating during combustion. Cannel Coal has a resin ous, glimmering lustre, and a flat-conchoidal fracture, breaks into irregular cubical fragments, but is more solid and takes a higher polish than other varieties. This burns with a bright flame, and yields much gas. Abundant in many lands, as in England, Scot land, and Ireland, in Belgium and France, in Germany and southern Russia. British America and the United States possess immense fields, especially in the valley of the Mississippi. Also
 * ouud in China, Japan, Hindustan, Australia, Borneo, and several of

the Indian islands. 731. LIGNITE (Jet, Brown Coal). Distinctly vegetable in origin, the external form, and very often
 * he internal woody structure, being preserved. The texture is com

pact, woody, or earthy. Fracture conchoidal, woody, or uneven ; soft and often friable. G. =0 5 to l - 5. Lustre sometimes resin ous, mostly glimmering or dull. Brown, black, or rarely grey. Burns easily with an unpleasant odour; colours solution of pota.sh deep brown. C.c.: 47 to 73 carbon, 2 5 to 7 5 hydrogen, 8 to 33 oxygen (with nitrogen), and 1 to 15 ashes. Jet is pitch-black, with conchoidal fracture and resinous lustre. Brown coal occurs at Bovey-Tracy in Devonshire; also in Germany, Hungary, France, Italy, and Greece. The Surturbrand of Iceland seems a variety. Used as fuel, but much inferior to common coal. The Oolitic coals of Yorkshire, Antrim, Brora, Mull, and Skye are intermedi ate varieties. INDEX OF MINERAL SPECIES. Abriachanite, 581. Albite, 590. i Alunogene, 328. Andesine, 594. Antimony, 6. Arsenic, G. Babingtonite, 575. Bergholz, 660. Acanthite, 170. Alexandrite, 94. 1 Amalgam, 24. Anglesite, 316. Apatelite, 331. Arseniosiderite,429. Baikalite, 567. Berthierine, 562. Acmite, 570. Algodomte, 192. Anhydrite, 312. Apatite, 443. Arsenolite, 123. Barsovite, 596. Berthierite, 218. Actinolite, 578. Allanite, 474. Amber, 713. Ankerite, 274. Aphrite, 272. Asbestos, 578. Baryta-mica, 521. Beryl, 586. Adamite, 410. Allemontite, 7. Amblygonite, 450. Annabergite, 388. Aphrodite, 545. Asphaltum, 709. Baryte, 313. Berzelinite, 166. Adinole, 590. Allochroite, 493. Amblystegite, 5G5. Annerodite, 682. Apophyllite, 603. Astrakanite, 337. Baryto-calcite, 287. Berzelite, 370. Adularia, 589. Allomorphite, 313. Amethyst, 81, 135. Annivite, 233. i Aquamarine, 586. Astrophyllite, 530. Baryto-celestine, Beudantite, 456. ^Egerine, 571. Allopalladium, 30. Amianthus, 567, Anomite, 515. Aragonite, 281. Atacamite, 69. 314. Bieberite, 327. jEschynite, G88. Allophane, 639. Anorthite, 591. Arcanite, 308. Atopite, 376. Bastite, 504. Binnite, 221. Agalmatolite, 647. Almandine, 493. Amphibole, 578. Anthophyllite, 577. Ardennite, 677. Augite, 567. Bastnaesite, 37. Biotite, 512. Aikinite, 231. Alstonite, 283. Amphodelite, 591. Anthracite, 729. Arfvedsonite, 579. Aurichalcite, 297. Beaumontite, 614. Bismite, 126. Alabandine, 180. Altaite, 163. Analcirae, 605. Anthraconite, 272. Argentite, 169. Avaite, 28. Beauxite, 112. Bismuth, 8. Alabaster, 319. Alum, 341. Anatase, 96. Antigorite, 551. Arkansite, 97. Avanturine, 135. Beegerite, 160. Bismuthine, 209. Alalite, 567. Aluminite, 3. 9. Anauxite, 641. Antimonial nickel, Arksutite, 41. Axinite, 494. Beraunite, 400. Bismuthite, 302. Albertite, 710. Alunite, 343. Andalusite, 460. 184. Arquerite, 23. Azurite, 294. Berengelite, 717. Bismutof errite, 667.
 * Amazon stone, 589.
 * 578.