Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 15.djvu/77

Rh L U K L U L 63 church ; a subsequent tradition stated that it was afterwards removed to Italy, and in the 15th century Pius II. commissioned Cardinal Bessarion to decide upon a violent controversy between the Minorite monastery of S. Job at Venice and the Benedictine monastery of S. Giustina at Padua, each of which claimed to pos sess the perfect relics of the evangelist. A late tradition represents Luke to have been a painter as well as a physician ; the tradition first appears in a doubtful fragment of an author of doubtful date, Theodorus Lector (printed in H. Valois s edition of Theodore t, p. 618), who mentions that the empress Eudocia sent to Pulcheria, from Jerusalem to Constantinople, a picture of the Virgin painted by Luke. The same story is mentioned in an almost certainly spurious oration of John of Damascus (Orat. in Constant. Gopron., c. 6., vol. i. p. 618, ed. Le Quien) ; and the first certain authorities for the tradition are Symeon Metaphrastes and the Menologium of Basil the younger, both of which belong to the 10th century. That the tradition is not of much earlier growth is proved by the fact that, if it had ex isted, it could not fail to have been largely used in the iconoclastic controversy. The martyrologies and calendars for the most part agree in fixing Luke s festival on October 18; but a doubt is expressed whether that day should be regarded as the anniversary of his birth or of the translation of his remains to Constantinople. In Christian art he is usually symbolized by an ox (with reference to Ezekiel i. 10, Revelation iv. 7), on the significance of which symbol various statements were made by both Eastern and Western writers (some of them will be found quoted by Ciampini, Vet. Monum., vol. i. 192). (E. HA.) LUKE, GOSPEL OF. See GOSPELS. LUKOW, a town of Russian Poland, in the province of Siedlce, 60 miles by rail to the west of Brest-Litovsky. Owing to its situation on the railway and in the centre of a rich district, it is rapidly developing. The population is 11,050. LUKOYANOFF, a district town in Russia, in the government of Nijni-Novgorod, 108 miles south-south-east of the chief town of the government, on the highway to Saratoff, at the sources of the Tesha river, tributary of the Oka. It is situated in a district where agriculture is carried on to a large extent, corn being sold to distilleries, and hemp exported, while the extensive forests furnish materials for the production of wooden wares. Wooden spoons, buckets, sledges, carts, implements for linen weaving, are made in large quantities by the peasants of the neigh bouring villages, and exported to the steppe provinces of southern Russia ; and there is also considerable trade in timber, felts, fishing nets, nails, &amp;lt;fec. Population 9600. LULLY, GIOVANNI BATTISTA (1633-1687), was born in Florence, and joined in 1650, as a violinist, the orchestra of the French court. Though friendless and in a foreign country, his genius soon opened for him a road to honours and wealth. He was appointed director of music to King Louis XIV., and director uf the Paris opera. The influence of his music was so great as to produce a radical revolu tion in the style of the dances of the court itself. Instead of the slow and stately movements, which had prevailed until then, he introduced lively and rhythmically quick ballets. Having found a congenial poet in Quinault, Lully composed twenty operas, which met with a most enthusiastic reception from a delighted public. He effected important improvements in the composition of the orchestra, into which he introduced several new instru ments. Lully enjoyed the friendship of Moliere, for some of whose best plays he composed illustrative music. His Miserere, written for the funeral of the minister Sequier, is a splendid work of genius ; and very re markable are also his minor sacred compositions. On his death-bed he wrote Bisogna morire, peccatore. Lully s right to be numbered among the most original and th best musicians is undoubted. His music is full of the most charming and enthralling forms of Italian melody ; and the fact of its being even now performed, after the lapse of so many years, is proof sufficient of its inherent beauty and intrinsic worth. LULLY, RAYMOND (1235-1315), the inventor of a Fantastic system of logic by which Mohammedans should be onverted to Christianity, was born at Palma, in the island of Majorca, in 1235. His father had been born at Barcelona, and belonged to a distinguished Catalonian family ; but for his services in helping to recover the Balearic islands from the Saracens he was rewarded with a gift of land in the conquered territory, and the paternal estates descended to his enthusiastically-minded son. The younger Lully, however, showed at first but little of the peculative tendencies which he afterwards developed, and his early years were spent in the gaiety and even profligacy of a courtier in the service of James II., of Aragon, who appointed him grand seneschal of the isle. He married, but notwithstanding sought the reputation of a gal lant, and was mixed up in more than one intrigue. Something, however, of the nature of a cancer, which attacked one of the objects of his passion, Sigriora Ambrosia, such is the way in which we are asked to account for his &quot;conversion,&quot; affected him so deeply that he abandoned in his thirty-second year his licentious life, and, having distributed the greater portion of his goods to his family and the poor, he withdrew to the retirement .of a cell on Mount Randa, the only part of his property which he had reserved for himself. Visions of a crucified Saviour and like phenomena confirmed him in his devotion to the cause of Christ, and in the course of a nine years retreat on Randa he came to regard himself as commissioned by God to refute the errors of Mohammed. This missionary call became henceforth the actuating principle in Lully s life. To realize it, he went to Paris in his fortieth year, to prosecute the study of Latin and logic ; and, with a view to becoming familiar with the language of the infidels, he engaged the services of an unlettered Arabian, who, finding that Lully was seeking to demolish the faith of Islam, attempted to assassinate his master. This need of acquiring a knowledge of the language of the church s adversary became itself now one of Lully s favourite ideas. In 1286 he began a series of visits, which he made to Rome to induce the supreme pontiff to found colleges for the study of Arabic ; but the small success which would attend his efforts in this direction was fore shadowed by the death of Honorius (then pope) before he could attain an audience of him. Meanwhile Lully had become discontented with the methods of science com monly in use, and had set himself to construct his &quot; great art,&quot; a method which, by mechanically presenting all the predicates which could attach to any subject, was adapted to answer any question on any topic, and would (its author imagined) by the cogency of its inferences necessarily con vert the heathen. His natural enthusiasm respecting the consequences of this art were strengthened by revelations (as he judged them) of the co-operation of God in his designs, and he gave himself up, with the fervour of a divinely appointed missionary, to the work of spreading a knowledge of his &quot;great art&quot; in every country. He expounded it at Paris and Montpellier in 1286, and after a visit to Pope Nicholas, to solicit his help in founding linguistic colleges, and a serious illness at Genoa, brought on apparently by an isolated fit of nervous cowardice in face of the dangers he was going to encounter, he sailed to Tunis, to apply his new method to the errors of Mohammedanism. At Tunis his attacks upon the religion of the country led to his being cast into prison, and it was only by the mediation of a sheikh, who had been impressed by the earnestness of the Christian preacher, that he managed to escape to sea, not without the roughest treatment at the hands of the mob, and find his way to Naples. A new influence was brought to bear on Lully s life at