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Rh L U D L U D 59 still complete. The parish church of St Lawrence, a fine cruciform structure in the Gothic style, with a lofty central tower, dates from the reign of Edward III.; it was restored in 1859-60. The grammar school, founded in tha reign of John, was incorporated by Edward L The other principal public buildings are the guild-hall, the town-hall and market-house, and the public rooms, which include the assembly-rooms and a museum of natural history. Tanning and malting are carried on to a small extent, and there are also flour-mills. The population of the municipal borough (280 acres) in 1871 was 5087, and in 1881 5035. The population of the parliamentary borough (1371 acres) in the same years was 6203 and 6663. Ludlow is said to have existed as a British town under the name of Dinan. After the Conquest it was granted to Roger de Montgomery, who is said to have been the founder of the castle. For some time the castle was a royal residence, and from the reign of Henry VIII. to that of William III. it was the seat of the council of the marches. In the reign of Charles I. it was garrisoned for the king, but it surrendered to the parliamentary forces in June 1646. The town had a charter of incorporation at a very early period, which was confirmed by Edward IV- LUDLOW, EDMUND (1620-1693), was born at Maiden Bradley, Wiltshire, in 1620, of an ancient and honourable family. He studied at Trinity College, Oxford (where he took his B.A. degree in 1636), and at the Temple. When the war broke out he engaged as a volunteer in the life guard of Lord Essex, consisting of one hundred gentlemen. His first essay in arms was at Worcester, his next at Edge- hill. He was made governor of Wardour Castle in 1643, which place he surrendered on honourable terms after ten months siege. On being exchanged soon afterwards, he engaged as major of Sir A. Haslerig s regiment of horse, in which capacity he did good service in the western counties. He was present at the second battle of New- bury, October 1644. In 1645 he was elected M.P. for Wilts in the room of his father Sir Henry Ludlow, and attached himself inflexibly to the republican party. In 1648 he was one of a committee of six who arranged the violent action known as Pride s Purge. He was one of the king s judges, and put his hand to the warrant for his execution. In January 1651 Ludlow was sent into Ireland as lieutenant-general of horse, holding also a civil com mission. Here he spared neither health nor money in the public service. Ireton, the deputy of Ireland, died 27th November 1651, and for six months Ludlow held the chief place, which he then resigned to Fleetwood. Though disapproving of Cromwell s action in dissolving the Long Parliament, he maintained his employment, but when Cromwell was declared Protector he declined to acknowledge his authority, and was soon after recalled to England. He refused the Protector face to face when ordered to submit to his government, and in December 1655 retired to his own bouse in Essex. After Oliver Cromwell s death Ludlow was returned for the borough of Hindon, and took his seat in Pilchard s parliament in 1659. He sat also in the restored Rump, and was a member of its council of state and of the committee of safety after its second expulsion. He also held office for a short time in Ireland. After the Restoration, finding that his life was in danger, he left England, in September 1660, and travelled through France and Geneva, and thence to Vevey, then under the pro tection of the canton of Bern. There he spent the rest of his long life unmolested, to the great credit of the Government of that canton, which had also extended its protection to other regicides. He was, however, in constant danger from Cavalier assassins. He steadily refused during thirty years of exile to have anything to do with the desperate enter prises of republican plotters. But in 1689 he returned to England, hoping to be employed in Irish affairs. He was, however, known only as a regicide ; and an address from the House of Commons was presented to William III. by Sir Edward Seymour, requesting the king to issue a pro clamation for his arrest. Ludlow escaped again, and returned to Vevey, where he died in 1693, aged seventy- three, and where a monument raised to his memory by his widow is still to be seen in the church of St Martin. Over the door of the house in which he lived was placed the inscription &quot;Omne solum forti patria, quia Patris.&quot; His memoirs, extending to the year 1688, were published in 1698-99 at Vevey. LUDOLF, or LEUTHOLF, HIOB (1624-1704), a learned Orientalist, was born at Erfurt on June 15, 1624. At an early age he manifested a passion for the acquisition of foreign tongues; and after exhausting the imperfect educational resources of his native place he went in 1645 to Leyden, where for upwards of a year he was the pupil of Erpenius, Golius, and other linguists. Having received an appointment as tutor, he afterwards travelled in France (where he became acquainted with Bochart at Caen) and in England, and in 1649 he was commissioned by the Swedish ambassador at the French court to go to Rome in quest of certain papers which had been lost, and which Queen Christina wished to recover. In this mission -he was unsuccessful, but while in Italy he became acquainted with four Abyssinians, from whom he acquired his know ledge (at that time unique) of Ethiopia In 1652 he entered the diplomatic service of the duke of Saxe-Gotha ; in this he continued (acting also for some time as tutor to the young princes) until 1678, when he retired to Frankfort- on-the-Main. At the conferences held there in 1681 and 1682 he held a commission to act for the dukes of Saxony. In 1683 he visited England to promote a cherished scheme for establishing trade with Abyssinia, but his efforts were unsuccessful, chiefly through the bigotry of the authorities of the Coptic Church. Return ing to Frankfort in 1684, he gave himself wholly to literary work, which he continued almost to his death on April 8, 1704. In 1690 he had the honour to be appointed president of the &quot; Collegium Imperiale Historicum.&quot; His works, of which a complete list will be found in Chauffepie s T&amp;gt;ictionnaire, include Historia Ethiopica (fol. 1681), with Commcn- tariiis ad Hist. Eth. (1691), and Appendix (1693) ; Grammatica A mharicse Linguas, quie vernacula est Habcssinorum, 1698 ; Lexicon Amfutrico-Latinum, 1698 ; Lexicon Ethiopico-Latinum, of which the first edition was published in London in 1661, but with many inaccuracies for which Ludolf refused responsibility (a second edition appeared at Frankfort in 1699) ; Grammatica Lingux, Ethiopicse, (London, 1661 ; Frankfort, 1702). Ludolf holds a very high place among the older Orientalists, and his works on Ethiopic in particular continued to be the standard text-books till they were superseded by those of Dillmann. LUDWIGSBURG, the second royal residence of Wiirt- emberg, is situated 9 miles to the north of Stuttgart and 1^ miles from the Neckar. It was laid out at the begin ning of last century by Duke Eberhard Ludwig as a rival to Stuttgart, and was greatly enlarged by Duke Charles, who resided there from 1764 to 1785. Constructed as the adjunct of a palace, the town bears the impress of its artificial origin, and its straight streets and spacious squares have a dull and lifeless appearance. Its main importance now consists in its being the chief military depot of Wiirtemberg, as which it contains extensive barracks, a cannon foundry, an arsenal, and a military academy. The royal palace, one of the largest and finest portrait-gallery and the burial vault of the sovereigns of Wiirtemberg. Among the other prominent buildings are four churches and several educational and charitable insti tutions. Ludwigsburg also carries on manufactures of organs, woollen and linen cloth, japanned tin-wares, picture frames, and chicory. In 1880 it contained 16,100 inhabitants, about one-fourth of whom belonged to the
 * n Germany, stands in a beautiful park, and contains a