Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 15.djvu/635

Rh M A R M A S 605 and giiles, a cross botonny, counterchanged ; crest (which is placed upon a helmet, showing live bars, over a count palatine s coronet), on a ducal coronet proper two pennons, dexter or, the other sable, staves gules ; motto, Fatti maschii parole femine ; supporters, a ploughman and fisherman, proper. On the great seal a mantle doubled with ermine surrounds the arms and supporters, as above, and upon a border encircling the seal is engraven the legend, sc.uto bonee vohmtatis tux coronasti nos. History. The charter of Maryland, which constituted the first proprietary government established in America, was obtained from Charles I. by Sir George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore, who had been one of the principal secretaries of state to James I. Lord Baltimore died before the patent passed the seals, and it was issued to his son the second Lord Baltimore on June 20, 1632. The name Maryland (Terra Mariai) was bestowed upon the colony by Charles I. in honour of his queen Henrietta Maria. In 1633 Lord Baltimore despatched a number of emigrants, under the command of his brother Leonard Calvert, to colonize the territory. They settled at St Mary s on the 27th March 1634, and the first legislative assembly, which was composed of all the freemen of the province, met in February 1635. Before the grant of the charter a trading station had been established, by William Clayborne of Virginia, upon Kent Island, in Chesapeake Bay, and the early years of the colony were greatly disturbed by contests with him, in which, however, Lord Baltimore was finally successful. The Baltimores were Catholics, and Maryland was designed to be a place of refuge for English Catholics, but, from the earliest period, religious toleration for all Christians was proclaimed and practised. Maryland has always claimed the honour of having been the first govern ment in which liberty in matters of faith was established by law. Under the charter by which Maryland was made a province of the empire Baltimore was the owner of the soil, and enjoyed all the rights that had ever been exercised by a count palatine. The laws of the provincial assemblies which received his assent were not subject to the revision of the crown. In 1652 the parliamentary commissioners deposed Lord Baltimore s officers, and appointed a Puritan council to govern the province. After several years of contest between the proprietary and Puritan parties, the power of the former was finally re-established. At the time of the Revolution of 1688 the failure of Lord Baltimore s deputies to proclaim William and Mary gave an oppor tunity to the disaffected Protestants in the province to incite a revolt, which resulted in the overthrow of their feudal lord. The king and queen approved of this colonial Pro testant revolution, and Maryland was taken directly under the government of the crown. The Church of England was then established, and disabilities imposed upon Catholics and dissenters. Maryland remained a royal colony until 1714, when, upon the death of the third Lord Baltimore, his son, who was a Protestant, was recognized as the pro prietary. The province was governed by the Baltimores until the revolution of 1776. The original charter limits included all the present State of Delaware and a large part of Pennsylvania. The grant to William Penn con flicted with that of Maryland, and a controversy between the two colonies began in 1682, and was not concluded until 1760, when the Penns, armed with a decision of the privy council and a decree in chancery, were successful. &quot; Mason and Dixon s line&quot; famous in American politics was established between the provinces in 1763-67. During the war for independence Maryland furnished her full quota of troops, but refused to ratify the articles of confederation until those colonies which had claims to western lands surrendered them to the general Government. Washington resigned his commission as commander-in-chief to the colonial congress at Annapolis in December 1783. Mary land ratified the constitution of the United States on the 28th April 1788, and in 1790 ceded to the United States 60 square miles of territory, where the national capital is situated. At the outbreak of the civil war Maryland was a slave-holding State, and popular sentiment was divided between the North and the South, but the decisive measures adopted by the Federal Government made it impossible for the State to leave the Union. The history of the State has been written by M Mahon (1831), Bozman (1837), M Sherry (1849), and Scharf (1879). The Maryland Historical Society at Baltimore has a large collection of colonial and revolutionary MSS., newspapers, and historical works, and has published numerous essays upon questions of local history. (w. T. B.) MARYPORT, a market and seaport town of Cumber land, England, is situated on the Irish Sea, 29 miles south west from Carlisle. It is irregularly built, partly on a cliff and partly on the sea-shore. The streets are spacious, but there are no public buildings of importance. The town until 1750 consisted of a few huts called Ellenfoot, when a harbour was constructed by Humphrey Senhouse, which gave a great impulse to its prosperity. The principal exports are coal to Ireland and pig-iron to the Continent, the principal imports timber and general merchandise. Shipbuilding is carried on to a small extent. In 1881 the number of vessels that entered from foreign and colonial ports was 72, of 35,241 tons burden ; the number that cleared 120, of 60,840 tons burden. The coasting trade is much more important, the number of vessels that entered being 1805, of 215,332 tons burden, and the number that cleared 1753, of 187,290 tons. There are rope and sail cloth works, iron foundries, and saw-mills, also brewing and tanning. The population of the urban sanitary district in 1871 was 7443, and in 1881 it was 8177. There was a Roman camp in the neighbourhood of Maryport, and the district is rich in Roman antiquities. MASACCIO (1402-1429). Tommaso Guidi, son of a notary, Ser Giovanni di Simone Guidi, of the family of the Scheggia, who had property in Castel S. Giovanni di Val d Arno, was born in 1402, and acquired the nickname of Masaccio, which may be translated &quot; Lubberly Tom,&quot; in consequence of his slovenly dressing and deportment. He loved to be alone and at hrome, neglected &quot; appearances &quot; of all sorts, and was constantly wool-gathering when not intently occupied with his work ; he had no vices, however, and would always do a good turn to an acquaintance. From childhood he showed a great inclination for the arts of design, and he is said to have studied under his contem porary Masolino da Panicale. In 1421, or perhaps 1423, he was enrolled in the guild of the speziali (druggists) in Florence, in 1424 in the guild of painters. His first attempts in painting were made in Florence, and then in Pisa. Next he went to Rome, still no doubt very young ; although the statement that he returned from Rome to Florence, in 1420, when only eighteen or nineteen, seems incredible, considering what were the works which he undertook in the papal city. These included a series of frescos still extant in a chapel of the church of S. Clemente, a Crucifixion, and scenes from the life of St Catherine and of St Clement, or perhaps some other saint. Though much inferior to his later productions, these paint ings are, for naturalism and propriety of representation, in advance of their time. Some critics, however, consider that the design only, if even that, was furnished by Masaccio, and the execution left to an inferior hand ; this appears highly improbable, as Masaccio, at his early age, can scarcely have held the position of a master laying out work for subordinates ; indeed Vasari says that Lubberly Tom was held in small esteem at all times of his brief life. In the crucifixion subject the group of the Maries is remarkable ; the picture most generally admired is that of