Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 15.djvu/634

Rh 604 MARYLAND Years White. Free Coloured. Slaves. Total. 1790 208,04!) 8,043 103,036 319,728 1800 216,326 19,587 105,635 341,543 1810 235,117 33,927 111,502 380,546 1820 260,223 39,730 107,397 407,350 1830 291,108 52,938 102,994 447,040 1840 318,04 62,078 89,737 470,019 1850 417,943 74,723 90,368 583,034 1800 515,918 83,942 87,180 687,049 1870 605,497 175,397 780,894 1880 724,693 210,250 934,943 In 1880 the native-born &amp;gt;vere 852,137, and the foreign-born 82,806. There were 10, 569 rr.ore females than males. The number of males of twenty-one years of age and over was 232,106, of whom 144,586 were native white, 38,936 foreign white, and 48,584 coloured. The number of persons over the age of ten years who were unable to read and write was 134,488. The number of families in Maryland was 175,318 ; dwellings, 155,070 ; persons to a square mile (land surface), 94 82; families to a square mile, 17 78; dwell ings to a square mile, 1573 ; acres to a person, 675 ; acres to a family, 35 99 ; persons to a dwelling, 6 03 ; persons to a family, 5 33. Agriculture, Manufactures, Commerce. The following statistics relating to agricultural labour in Maryland are those of the census of 1880. The number of farms was 40,517 (the rate of increase since 1870 being 50 per cent.) ; 27,978 farms were occupied by the owners, 3878 were rented for a fixed money rental, and 8661 were rented for shares of produce. In 19,920 farms the number of acres under cultivation was less than 100, and only 805 farms were of or above 500 acres extent. The staple crops are tobacco, maize, and wheat, and the average cash value per acre of crops was $17.82. In the production of tobacco Maryland ranks as the seventh State in the Union. The acreage devoted to it was 38,174 ; the production was 26,082,147 R&amp;gt; ; and the value of the crop in the farmers hands was $1,825,750. The cereal production was as follows: Barley, 226 acres, 6097 bushels ; buckwheat, 10,294 acres, 136,667 bushels ; Indian corn, 664,928 acres, 15,968,533 bushels ; oats, 101,127 acres, 1,794,872 bushels; rye, 32,405 acres, 288,067 bushels; wheat, 569,296 acres, 8,004,864 bushels. The live stock on the farms, June 1, 1880, was as follows : horses, 117,796 ; mules and asses, 12,561 ; working oxen, 22,246 ; milch cows, 122,907 ; other cattle, 117,387 ; sheep, 171,184 ; swine, 335,408. The statistics of the iron and steel industries for 1880 showed that the number of establishments in Maryland was twenty-three ; capital, $4,962,125; number of hands, 2763 ; wages paid, $905,090; valueof materials, $2,888,574 ; value of products, $4,470,050. The pro duction of pig iron was 59, 664 tons. The cotton manufactures had 2325 looms, 125,014 spindles, used 46,947 bales of cotton, and employed 4159 hands. Baltimore stands eighth in the list of manufacturing cities in the United States. The number of establishments in that city is 3596 ; capital $35,760,108 ; average number of hands employed 55,201 ; annual product $75,621,388. The large foreign commerce of the State is conducted almost wholly through the port of Baltimore, although there are two other ports of entry. In 1881 the number of foreign vessels arriving was 1307 ; in 1880, 1508. The number of foreign clearances in 1881 was 1179 ; in 1880, 1633. The number of vessels registered in the State is 1788. The chief imports are iron, coffee, and salt ; the chief exports, tobacco, petroleum, and grain. The grain elevators at Baltimore have a capacity of 6,150,000 bushels. In 1880 the value of the foreign imports was $18,643,245, and that of the foreign exports $74,398,971. The aggregate exchanges at the Baltimore clearing house in 1881 were $732,448,141. There are one hundred and fifty-two fire and marine insurance companies doing business in the State. In 1881 these received $1,680,109 in pre miums, and paid losses amounting to $1,015,658. The twenty- nine life insurance companies in the State received in 1881 $1,116,540 in premiums, and paid losses amounting to $895,092. Eailivays and Canals. The Baltimore and Ohio Railway, incorporated in 1827, is one of the chief lines of communication between the- seaboard and the Western States. The number of miles of all railways in operation wholly within the State is 1048. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, begun in 1828, and completed in 1845, at a cost of $11,375,000, extends from Cumberland, along the left bank of the Potomac, to Georgetown, in the District of Columbia, a distance of 184 miles. It there crosses the river by an aqueduct and continues to Alexandria, Va. Its depth is 6 feet, and its width varies from 52 to 70 feet. The Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, connecting the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays, is 12 miles long, 66 feet wide, 10 feet deep, and cost $3,547,561. Eevcnne, Dclts, Taxation. The total amount of the funded debt of the State on September 30, 1881, was $11,257,560. About one- half of this debt bears interest at 5 per cent., and tho remainder at 6 per cent. As an offset to this debt the State owns interest-paying securities amounting to $3,461,085, and non-productive property valued at 25 million dollars. The property assessed for purposes of State taxation in 1881 was valued at $461,459,939, and the State tax was 18f cents on each $100. The total receipts of the State from all sources were $1,996,041. The debt of Baltimore city, on January 1, 1882, was $36,381,351. The city owns productive pro perty worth $15,304,596, and unproductive property valued at $5,150,780. The property assessed for city taxation was valued afc $247,230,189, and the city tax was $1 37 on each $100. The debts of the cities and counties, exclusive of Baltimore, amount to nearly two million dollars. Social Statistics. In 1881 the average number of convicts in the State penitentiary was 545, nearly one-half of whom were sentenced for larceny. The convicts are employed upon profitable labour, and the institution is not only self-supporting, but is a source of revenue to the State. The State house of correction received in 1881 414 prisoners, most of whom were sentenced for short terms. Provision is made for juvenile offenders in houses of reformation and similar establishments. The number of inmates in the almshouses in 1879 was 2384. The M Donogh Industrial School has an endow ment of $861,968, and educates and supports about fifty poor boys annually. The State extends its aid to a hospital for the insane (with 400 inmates), an asylum for the blind, two deaf ami dumb asylums, and other charitable institutions. In 1880 there were one hundred and thirty-eight periodicals published in the State. The principal religious denominations are the Methodist, Roman Catholic, Episcopalian, Presbyterian, and Baptist. Education and Libraries. Maryland has an excellent system of free public schools supported by State, county, and municipal taxation. In 1881 the number of schools was 2039, the number of pupils 158,909, the number of teachers 3180, and the total expenses $1,604,580. The schools are managed by school com missioners who, in the counties, are appointed by the judges of the circuit courts, and in Baltimore city are elected by the city council. There is also a State board of education, invested with comprehensive visitorial powers. A number of higher educational institutions are maintained in part by the State. The principal of these are the normal school at Baltimore, St John s College at Annapolis (founded in 1783), the Western Maryland, Maryland Agricultural, Baltimore Female, Washington, and Frederick colleges. In 1881 these colleges had 723 students and 56 instructors, and received from the State $40, 300. In Baltimore are two medical colleges the college of physicians and surgeons, with 10 professors and 330 students, and the medical school of the university of Maryland, with 10 instructors and 200 students. There are also two dental colleges in the State. The law school of the univer sity of Maryland has 4 instructors and 60 students. The Johns Hopkins University, at Baltimore, which has an endowment of more than 3 million dollars, was opened in 1876. It has 34 pro fessors and associates, 20 fellows, 155 students, and 12,000 volumes in its library. The buildings of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, which has a similar endowment of more than 3 million dollars, are now (1882) being erected. The Peabody Institute, which has $1,300,000 in productive funds, the gift of George Peabody, was founded in 1857. It embraces a lecture department, a con servatory of music, a gallery of fine arts, and a library. The library, containing 75,459 volumes in 1882, is designed to be a collection of such books as are not ordinarily accessible to scholars. The Pratt Public Library, endowed with one million dollars, was founded in 1882. Administration. The chief executive officer of the State is the governor, who is elected for the term of four years, ami receives a salary of $4500 per annum. He is invested with power to grant pardons and reprieves except in cases of impeachment, and a three- fifths vote of the legislature is necessary to overcome his veto of an Act. The legislature, called the General Assembly, meets biennially, and its sessions are limited by the constitution to ninety days. It is composed of a senate, elected for four years (one-half being chosen every second year), and a house of delegates, elected for two years. The present number of senators is 26, and of delegates 91. The judicial power of the State is vested in a court of appeals, consisting of 8 judges, in a circuit court and an orphans court for each county, in six courts of record for Baltimore city, and in justices of the peace. The judges are elected by the people for fifteen years, and retire upon attaining the age of seventy years. The justices of the peace are appointed by the governor, with the consent of the senate. The law officers are an attorney- general for the State, and a State s attorney for each county, who is the prosecuting officer in all criminal cases. The local affairs of the counties are managed by county commissioners elected for two years, and those of each city by a mayor and city council. All elections are by ballot, and every male citizen of the United States who has been a resident of the State for one year and of the district in which he offers to vote for six months preceding the election is entitled to be registered as a voter. The present con stitution was adopted in 1867. Maryland is represented in the national congress by two senators and six representatives. The arms of the State are those prescribed by Lord Baltimore for tho province in 1648, viz. : quarterly 1st and 4th, paly of six, or and sable, a bend counterchanged ; 2d and 3d, quarterly, argent