Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 15.djvu/62

Rh 48 L U C L U C those numbered from xxvi. to xxix., which were written in the trochaic and iambic metres that had been employed by Ennius and Paeuvius in their Saturse. In these he male those criticisms on the older tragic and epic poets of which Horace and other ancient writers speak. In them too he speaks of the Numantine War as recently finished, and of Scipio as still living. Book i., on the other hand, in which the philosopher Carneades, who died in 123 B.C., is spoken of as dead, must have been written after the death of Scipio. With the exception of books xxvi. -xxix., and one satire in which he seems to have made an experiment in the unfamiliar elegiac metre, all the satires of Lucilius were written in hexameters. So far as an opinion can be formed from a number of unconnected fragments, he seems to have written the trochaic tetrameter with a smoothness, clearness, and simplicity which he never attained in handling the hexameter. The longer fragments produce the impression of great discursiveness and care lessness, but at the same time of considerable force. The words of Horace, &quot;fluere lutulentum,&quot; seem exactly to express the character of his style. He appears, in the composition of his various pieces, to have followed no settled plan, but to have treated everything that occurred to him in the most desultory fashion, sometimes adopting the form of dialogue, sometimes that of an epistle or an im aginary discourse, and often to have spoken in his own name, giving an account of his travels and adventures, or of amusing scenes that lie had witnessed, or expressing the results of his private medita tions and experiences. Like Horace he largely illustrated his own observations by personal anecdotes and fables. The fragments clearly show how often Horace has imitated him, not only in expression, but in the form of his satires (see for instance i. 5 and ii. 2), in the topics which he treats of, and the class of social vices and the types of character which he satirizes. For students of Latin literature, the chief interest of studying the fragments of Lucilius consists in the light which they throw on the aims and methods of Horace in the composition of his satires, and, though not to the same extent, of his epistles. But they are important also as materials for linguistic study ; and they have a considerable his torical value as throwing light on the feeling, temper, circum stances, and character of a most interesting time, of which there is scarcely any other contemporary record. The best edition of the Fragments is that of L. Miiller (1872). A collection of them by Lachmann has appeared since his death. The emendation of these fragments still employs the ingenuity of both German and English scholars. Important contributions to the subject have been made by Mr Munro in the Journal of Philology. (W. Y. S.) LUCIUS, the name of three popes. Lucius I, whose pontificate of about eight months (253-54) fell between those of Cornelius and Stephen I., had been one of the presbyters who accompanied Cornelius when he withdrew from Rome. After his own election also he appears to have lived for some time in exile, but ultimately to have been permitted to return. No facts of bis official life have been recorded, but he is referred to in several letters of .Cyprian as having been in agreement with his predecessor Cornelius in preferring the milder view on the question as to how the penitent lapsed should be treated. The manner of his death is uncertain ; ac cording to some accounts he was decapitated. In the Ccitalogus Liberianus and in the Catalogus Corbeiensis he is said to have been pope for more than three years ; but there can be no doubt of the co rrectness of the statement of Eusebiu?, that his pontificate was of less than eight months duration. Like all the early popes he has been canonized in the Church of Rome ; and he is commemorated as a martyr on March 4. Lucius II. (Gherardo de Caccianimici), a Bolognese, succeeded Celestine II. on March 4, 1144. Soon after his accession the people of Rome chose a patrician, for whom they claimed the temporal sovereignty ; Lucius at the head of the oligarchical party appealed to arms, and perished in an attempt to storm the Capitol on February 25, 1145. He was succeeded by Eugenius III. Lucius III. (Ubaldo Allucingoli), a native of Lucca, was bishop of Ostia and Velletri when he was chosen to succeed Alexander III. on September 1, 1181. For six months he lived at Rome, but in March 1182 he was driven forth by rebellion, and resumed his abode at Velletri ; he afterwards lived at Anagni, and finally at Verona. While at the last-named place he pronounced sentence of excommunication against the Cathari, Paterines, Humiliati, Waldensians, and Arnoldists in 1184; but &quot;left the papal thunders to their own unaided effects.&quot; He died at Verona on November 25, 1185, and was suc ceeded by Urban III. LUCKE, GOTTFRIED CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH (1791- 1855), theologian, was born on August 24, 1791, at Egeln near Magdeburg, where his father was a merchant, received his early education at the Magdeburg gymnasium, and studied theology at Halle and Gottingen (1810-13). In 1813 he became repetent at Gottingen, and in 1814 he received the degree of doctor in philosophy from Halle ; in 1816 he removed to Berlin, where he became licentiate in theology, and qualified as &quot; privatdocent.&quot; He soon became intimate with Schleiermacher and De Wette, and was associated with them in 1818 in the redaction of the Theologische Zeitschrift. Meanwhile his lectures and publications (among the latter a Grundriss der NeictestamenUichen Hermeneutik, 1816) had brought him into considerable repute, and he was appointed professor extraordinarius in the new university of Bonn in the spring of 1818; in the following autumn he became professor ordinarius. From Bonn, where he had Augusti, Gieseler, and Nitzsch for colleagues, he was called to Golitingen to succeed Staudlin in ] 827. Here he remained, declining all further calls elsewhere, as to Erlangen, Kiel, Halle, Tubingen, Jena, arid Leipsic, until his death, which occurred on February 14, 1855. Liicke, who was one of the most learned, many-sided, and influ ential of the so-called &quot;mediation&quot; school of evangelical theo logians, is now known chiefly by his principal work, an Exposition of the Writings of St John, of which the first edition, in four volumes, appeared in 1820-32 ; it has since passed through two new and improved editions (the last volume of the third edition by Berth eau, 1856). He is one of the most intelligent maintainers of the Johannine authorship of the Fourth Gospel ; in connexion with this thesis he was one of the first to argue for the early date and non-apostolic authorship of the Apocalypse. LUCKENWALDE, a busy little town of Prussia, in the province of Brandenburg, district of Potsdam, lies on the river Nuthe and on the Berlin and Anhalt Railway, 30 miles to the south-west of Berlin. Its cloth and wool manu factories are among the most extensive in Prussia, and it also contains cotton-printing works, dye-works, machine shops, and numerous other industrial establishments. The population in 1880 was 14,706. The site of Luckenwalde was occupied in the 12th century by a Cistercian monastery, but the village did not spring up till the reign of Frederick the Great. It was made a town in 1808. LUCKNOW, a district of Oudh, in the division or comrnissionership of Lucknow, 1 under the jurisdiction of the lieutenant-governor of the North-Western Provinces, India, lying between 26 30 and 27 9 30&quot; N. lat., and between 80 36 and 81 15 30&quot; E. long., is bounded on the N. by Hardoi and Sftapur districts, on the E. by Bara Banki, on the S. by Rai Bareli, and on the W. by U&quot;nao. The general aspect of the country is that of an open champaign, well studded with villages, finely wooded, and in parts most fertile and highly cultivated. In the vicinity of rivers, however, stretch extensive barren sandy tracts (bkur), and there are many large sterile wastes of saline efflorescence (usdr). The country is an almost dead level throughout, the average slope, which is from north west to south-east, being less than a foot per mile. The principal rivers are the Gumti and the Sai, with their 1 Lucknow division lies between 26 9 and 27 21 5&quot; N. lat. and between 80 5 and 81 54 E. long., comprises the three districts of Lucknow, Unao, and Bara Banki, and has an area of 4480 square miles, of which 2520 are returned as under cultivation. The popula tion in 1869 was 2,838,106, viz., 2,449,763 Hindus, 383,260 Mo hammedans, 4309 Europeans, and 784 Eurasians.