Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 15.djvu/616

Rh 588 MAR M A R Literature (18GG). See Catal Syr. MSS. Br. Mus., ii. &amp;lt;532. MARULLUS, MICHAEL TARCHANIOTA (ol. 1500), one of the most brilliant scholars of the golden age of Florentine learning, was born at Constantinople, and at an early age, on the fall of his native city, was brought to Ancona in Italy, where he became the friend and pupil of Pontanus, with whom his name is associated by Ariosto (Orl. Fur., xxxvii. 8). He was a soldier and a poet, and in the latter capacity published epigrams and hymni naturales. 1 Manillas took no part in the work of translation, then so favourite an exercise of scholars, but he was understood to be planning some great work when he perished, 10th April 1500, in the river Cecina near Volterra. Of other incidents in his life his feud with Politian and his marriage to the beautiful and learned Alexandra Scala, whom he Braises in .his poems, may be noticed. The name of Manillas is now perhaps most familiar from the brilliant emendations on Lucretius which he left unpublished, and which were used for the Juntine edition. See especially Munro s Lucretius, 2d ed., p. 6 sq. MARUM (in Dutch MARWM), MARTIN VAN (1750- 1837), a distinguished Dutch man of science, born at Delft. Though his fame rests chiefly on his electrical researches, he took a prominent position in many depart ments of natural science, He graduated at Groningen in medicine and philosophy, and his numerous papers take up subjects connected with botany, chemistry, hygiene, natural history, and technology, as well as with his more special department, natural philosophy. In early life his father, who was a skilled mathematician, gave him a thorough training in the one really indispensable science. After his doctorate he for some time attached himself to the celebrated botanist Camper. He then commenced medical practice in Haarlem, but seems to have been too busy with original work to pay proper attention to his numerous patients. He devoted himself mainly to lectur ing on physical subjects ; and, after a brief interval, his extensive knowledge and methodical habits led to his being made secretary of the scientific society of his adopted scity. For this post he was specially fitted ; and, under his active guidance, the society was advanced to the ^position of one of the most noted in Europe. He soon became professor of physics, and was entrusted with the care of the celebrated Teyler collection (now the Musde Teyler). He caused to be constructed for this, by Cuthbertson, the gigantic electrical machine which, for a long period, was the most powerful in ths world. He also effected great improvements in air-pumps and other pneumatic machines. Though his name is not associated with any discovery of the very first order, the number and variety of his researches (especially in con nection with electricity) are remarkable. So also is the practical mode in which he regarded his results, always vhen at all possible from the technological point of view. The work by which he is best known is his Treatise on Electricity (Groningen, 1776), in which all that had then been discovered in that science was carefully methodized. Van Marum was a man of quiet but active disposition, and of simple habits and tastes, which probably conduced in no small measure to the extreme length and usefulness of his life. MAEUTSE-MABUNDA, a kingdom in South Africa, stretching from 18 to 14 25 S. lat. and from about 22 to 28 25 E. long., with an area estimated at 123,590 square miles. It all belongs to the basin of the Zambesi, and by far the greater proportion lies to the north of that ] Two books of epigrams appeared first without date ; an enlarged -edition, with two additional books, published in 1497, contains also ^the so-called hymns. river, which forms its south-eastern boundary from the mouth of the Linyanti to the mouth of the Kafue, a dis- tauce of about 350 miles. The kingdom thus includes the main part of the territory formerly subject to the Makololo empire, which broke up on the death of Sekeletu in 1864. Of country and people Dr Holub gives a very favourable report. Abundance of water, a fertile soil, and a genial climate render easy the work both of husbandry and cattle-breeding. The chief crop is Kaffre corn, red and white ; the hemp-like kleen-korn or rosa, maize, water melons, sugar-cane, ground-nuts, two kinds of beans, and mama are also cultivated. &quot;September and October are the usual months for sowing ; but gourds, leguminous plants, and tobacco are sown any time up to December, the growth of the two latter crops being so rapid that they often ripen by January, whilst Kaffre corn and maize are ready by February.&quot; Upwards of fifty kinds of wild fruit are used by the people as food. Salt has to be imported, and is consequently within the reach only of the wealthier classes. Besides the two great tribes which give their name to the kingdom, there are a large number of vassal tribes of numerical importance Masupias, Matongas, Makalakas all considered in the light of slaves by the rulers. The prevailing language is the Sesuto of the nearly extirpated Makololos. See Holub, Seven Years in South Africa, 1881. MARVELL, ANDREW (1621-1678), was born on March 31, 1621, at the parsonage of Winestead in Holderness. He was educated at Hull grammar school by his father, who had obtained high position in that town, until his admission to Trinity College, Cambridge, on December 14, 1633. There he became ensnared by the Jesuits, who at that time were keen to secure youths of promise at the universities, and by them, probably in the beginning of 1638, was taken to London ; but he was recaptured by his father, and again received into Trinity on April 13 of the same year. He appears to have con tributed to the Musa Cantabriyiensis in 1637; and beyond this nothing is known or even conjectured as to his college career. In 1640 his father was drowned under remarkable circumstances, an event which appears to have entirely unsettled him, for by an entry in the College Conclusion book, dated September 24, 1641, we find that he was adjudged by the seniority to have forfeited the benefits of the college. He used his liberty during the next four years to travel through the Continent, remaining abroad until 1646. It has been assumed that during this journey Marvell became acquainted with Milton, but a comparison of dates shows that this is an error. His first employment was in 1650, as tutor to Lord Fairfax s daughter. During his stay at Nunappleton were written the Poems of the Country and some of the Poems of Imagination and Love. In 1652 he was in communication with Milton, to whom he had probably been introduced by Fairfax, and was by him sent on February 21 to President Bradshaw with a letter urging his appointment as assistant Latin secretary to himself. The post was, however, otherwise filled up, and he was provided instead with another tutorship, that of Cromwell s nephew, Mr Dutton. This has been wrongly stated by several writers as not occurring until six years later. In 1657 the secretaryship again fell vacant, and was then conferred upon him, but he held office for a year only, and no record of his work appears in the calendar of state papers. Marvell accepted the Commonwealth as a practical fact, and the rule of Cromwell as the only guarantee for government at once tolerant and strong. But he never lost his belief in the monarchical theory. His line &quot; Tis godlike good to save a falling king &quot; is well known ; and throughout his most vehement invective against corruption there is a great tenderness and desire to spare the king.