Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 15.djvu/567

Rh M A R M A R 539 in celebrating her cliarms, sue does not, from the portraits which exist, appear to have been regularly beautiful, but as to her sweetness of disposition and strength of mind there is universal consent. Her literary work has not yet been given entirely to the world, but the printed portion of it makes her a considerable figure in French literature. It consists of the Heptameron, of poems entitled Lcs Marguerites de la Marguerite des Princesses, and of Letters. The Heptameron, constructed as its name indicates on the lines of the Decameron of Boccaccio, consists of seventy-two short stories told to each other by a company of ladies and gentlemen who are stopped in the journey homewards from Cauterets by the swelling of a river. It was not printed till 1558, ten years after the author s death. Internal evidence is strongly in favour of its having been a joint work, in which more than one of the men of letters who composed Marguerite s household took part. It is a delightful book, and strongly characteristic of the French Renais sance. The sensuality which characterized the period appears in it, but in a less coarse form than in the great work of Rabelais ; and there is a poetical spirit which, except in rare instances, is absent from Pantagruel. The Letters are interesting and good. The Marguerites consist of a very miscellaneous collection of poems, mysteries, farces, devotional poems of considerable length, spiritual and miscellaneous songs, &c. Other poems, said to be of equal merit, are still imprinted, or have appeared only in part. II. The second MARGUERITE (1523-1574), daughter of Francis I., married the duke of Savoy in 1559. She is noteworthy as having given the chief impulse at the court of her brother Henry II. to the first efforts of the I leiade. III. The third MARGUERITE (1553-1615), called more particularly Marguerite de Valois, was great-niece of the first and niece of the second, being daughter of Henry II. by Catherine de Medici. She was born in 1 553. When very young she became famous for her beauty, her learning, and the looseness of her conduct. She was married to Henry of Navarre, afterwards Henry IV., on the eve of St Bartholomew s Day. Both husband and wife were extreme examples of the licentious manners of the time, but they not unfrequently ]ived together for considerable periods, and nearly always on good terms. Later, however, Marguerite was established in the castle of Usson in Auvergne, and after the accession of Henry the marriage was dissolved by the pope. But Henry and Marguerite still continued friends ; she still bore the title of queen ; she visited Marie de Medici on equal terms ; and the king frequently consulted her on important affairs, though his somewhat parsimonious spirit was grieved by her extra vagance. Marguerite exhibited during the rest of her life, which was not a short one, the strange Valois mixture of licentiousness, pious exercises, and the cultivation of art and letters, and died in 1615. She left letters and memoirs, the latter of which are admirably written, and rank among the best of the 16th century. She is the &quot; Heine Margot &quot; of anecdotic history and romance. The best editions of the works of Marguerite d Angouleme are of the Heptameron, that of Leroux de Lincy, 3 vols., Paris, 1855 ; of the Letters, that of Genin, Paris, 2 vols., 1842-43; and of the Marguerites, that of Frank, Paris, 4 vols., 1873 ; the Heptameron is also obtainable in several cheap editions. The Memoires of Marguerite de Valois are contained in the collection of Michaud and Poujoulat, and have been published separately by Guessard, Lalanne, Caboche, &c. (G. SA.) MARIA THERESA (1717-1780), archduchess of Austria, queen of Hungary and Bohemia, and empress of Germany, was the daughter of the emperor Charles VI. of Austria, by his wife Elizabeth Christina of Brunswick- Wolf enbiittel, and was born in Vienna on May 13, 1717. By the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713, a settlement which was guaranteed by the principal states of Europe, her father had regulated the succession in the imperial family ; and in 1724 accordingly, after the death of the archduke Leopold, her only brother, she was publicly declared sole heiress of the Austrian dominions. In 1736 she married Francis Stephen of Lorraine, who in the following year became grand-duke of Tuscany; and on October 20, 1740, she came to the throne, her husband (emperor in 1745) being declared co-regent. The events of her reign have been briefly summarized under AUSTRIA (vol. iii. p. 127- 129) and HUNGARY (xii. 370). She died at Vienna on November 29, 1780. Of sixteen children whom she bore to Francis, ten reached maturity. Her sons were Joseph II., who succeeded his father as Holy Roman emperor in 1765; Leopold, grand-duke of Tuscany, afterwards the emperor Leopold II. ; Ferdinand, duke of Modena ; and Maximilian, elector of Cologne. Of her daughters the best-known is Marie Antoinette, the wife of Louis XVI. of France. MARIANA, JUAN DE (1536-1624), a celebrated Spanish historian, was born of obscure parentage at Talavera de la Reina in 1536. He studied at the university of Alcala, and was admitted at the ageof seventeen into the Societyof Jesus, where he soon attracted notice by his brilliant talents and extensive acquirements. Called to the Collegium Romanum in 1561, he there professed theology four years, and reckoned among his pupils Robert Bellarmine, afterwards the famous cardinal. He then passed into Sicily, where he remained for about two years, and in 1569 he was sent to Paris, where his expositions of the writings of Aquinas attracted large audiences. In 1574 the decline of his health compelled him to give up teaching, and he obtained permission to return to Spain ; the rest of his life was passed at the Jesuits house in Toledo, in a vigorous literary activity which was interrupted only by the molestations to which his too great independence, liberality, and candour exposed him. He died on February 17, 1624. His great work, Histories, de Rebus Hispaniw, first appeared in twenty books at Toledo in 1592 ; ten books were subsequently added (1605), bringing the work down to the accession of Charles V., and in a still later abstract of events the author completed it to the accession of Philip IV. in 1621. It was so well received that Mariana was induced to translate it into Spanish. The first part of this in some respects new work (Historia de Espafta) appeared in 1601 ; it was completed in 1609, and much enlarged and improved in three subsequent editions which appeared during the translator s lifetime. It has been frequently reprinted since 1624, both in Latin and in Spanish ; and an English translation by J. Stevens appeared in 1699. Mariana s History is justly esteemed for the extent of the author s researches, for the general accuracy of his acquaintance with the materials at his command, for the sagacity of his reflexions and characterizations, and above all for the merit of his style, which, in its simplicity, vividness, and directness, has deservedly been compared to that of Livy. The modern student may regret but can hardly blame the credulity with which in too many cases he has without the least attempt at his torical criticism adopted the &quot;received traditions of his country.&quot; Of the other works of Mariana, the most interesting is his treatise DC Rege ct Regis Institutione, of which the first edition, dedicated to Philip III., appeared at Toledo in 1599. In its sixth chapter the question whether it is lawful to overthrow a tyrant is freely dis cussed and answered in the affirmative, a circumstance which brought much popular odium upon the Jesuits, especially after the assassination of Henry IV. of France in 1610. See P.ayle s Dictionnairc and Hallam s Literary History, part ii. chap. iv. A volume entitled Tractatus VII. Theologici ct Historici, published by Mariana at Cologne in 1609, containing in particular a tract &quot; On Mortality and Immortality,&quot; and another &quot; De Mutatione MonetEe,&quot; was put upon the Index Expurgatorius, and led to the confinement and punishment of its author by the Inquisition. During his con finement there was found among his papers a criticism upon the Jesuits (De las Enfcrmcdadcs de la Compania de Jesus y de sus Remedies], which was believed to have been written by him. It was not printed until after his death (1625). MARIAZELL, a village in the duchy of Styria, Austria, with about 1200 inhabitants, is very picturesquely situated in the valley of the Salza, amid the Styrian Alps. Its entire claim to notice lies in the fact that it is the most frequented sanctuary in Austria, being visited annually by about 100,000 pilgrims. The object of veneration is a miracle-working image of the Virgin, carved in lime-tree wood, and about 18 inches high. This was presented to the place in 1157, and is now reverently enshrined in a