Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 15.djvu/551

Rh M A P M A P 523 Year. Country. Title of Map. Scale. No. of Sheets. 1853 United States. Map of the Eastern Provinces of 1:1,700,000 6 Australia (J. Arrowsmith) 1851 Australia. Reference Map of Louisiana (La 6 ml.=l in. Tourrette). 1854 United States. Map of Arkansas (Langtree). 8ml.=lin. India. North-West Himalaya (surveyed 4ml.=lin. 15 1848-54 by A. S. Waugh). 1856 United States. Map of Kentucky (Edmund Fr. Lee). 6 ml. =1 in. 1857 India. Kashmir (surveyed 1850-57 by T. 1 ml.=l in. 4 G. Montgomerie). 1858 United States. Map of Texas (C. W. Pressler). 18m.=lin. 8 M Palestine. Map of the Holy Land (Van der 1: 315,000 Velde). 185!) Australia. County Maps of New South Wales. 1: 126,720 United States. Map of Georgia (J. R. Butts). 6ml. =1 in. 1860 Map of Missouri (Fiela). 6 ml.=l in. 186:5 I South Africa. Natal (Capt. Grantham). 1: 250,000 ISij.-j United States. Territory of the U.S. from the Mis 1:3,000,000 4 sissippi River to the Pacific Ocean (Edward Freyhold). 1866 U.S. North-West Boundary Survey. 1:1.060,000 2 Map of parts of California, Nevada, 1:760,320 1 and Idaho Territory. Post Route Maps of the States (W. Various. 36 L. Nicholson). 1867 Siberia. General Map of Transbaikal country. 1 : 840,000 10 1867 Java. Residency Maps. 1: 100,000 1869 Caucasia. Map of the Caucasian countries. 1:420,000 22 1870 Siberia. Special Map of West Siberia. 1:420,000 125 1871 Australia. Plan of the southern portion of the 1:550,000 10 province of South Australia. 1872 Turkestan. Military Map of Turkestan. 1:1,168,000 4 187:5 Chili. Piano topogtaflco y geologico de la 1: 250,000 18 Republ. de Chile (A. Pissis). United States. Atlas of the United States to the W. 1: 506,880 05 of 100 W. long. (Wheeler). 1874 Map of Central California. 1: 380,160 2 1876 Algeria. Carte d Algeria (Depot de la guerre). 1:800,000 4 1877 Turkestan. Map of Turkestan, Military District. I : lfiS.000 12 1878 Australia. Western Australia, Northern District 1: 770,000 1 (J. Forrest). 1S79 South Africa. Eastei-n ponion of South Africa 8-6m.=lin. (Capt. C. E. Grover). ,, Algeria. Carte de la province d Alger. 1:200,000 1:800.000 2 2 1881 Australia. Map of Queensland (Bailey and 1:1,000,000 C La vson). (8. R.) MAP, MAPES, or MAPUS, WALTER, an ecclesiastical .statesman and renowned wit of the 12th century, must be ranked among the greatest of English writers, though French was the language that he used, and his personal fame has long been lost in the splendour of his creations. He was the cosmogonist and one of the principal creators of the Round Table legends, which supplied the ideal of chivalrous life to so many succeeding centuries. Most of the facts that are known about his position in the world have been gathered from a gossipy anecdotical work of his in Latin, De Nuyis Curialium. He was probably a native of Herefordshire or Gloucestershire. He tells us that his parents rendered services to Henry IE. both before and after his accession. He was acquainted with the household of Thomas Becket before this famous ecclesiastic became archbishop of Canterbury, which was in 1162. He studied in the university of Paris, attending the lectures of Girard la Pucelle, who began lecturing in 1160. Map seems to have risen rapidly in favour at the court of Henry II., combining ecclesiastical with civil and political functions. In 1173 he was an itinerant justice at the assize of Gloucester, and in the same year was with the court at Limoges, where the duty fell to him of entertaining the archbishop of Tarentaise, about whom he tells some mar vellous stories. He was sent on a diplomatic mission to Louis le Jeune, king of France, and sat as a delegate in a council called by Pope Alexander III. (probably 1179), enjoying such repute that he was deputed to argue with the Waldenses. He accompanied Henry II. on all his pro gresses, and in return for his services received several ecclesiastical preferments. Apparently he maintained his position at court under Richard and John. In 1196 he was appointed archdeacon of Oxford, and in 1207-8 the custodes of the abbey of Eynsham were ordered to pay him his accustomed rent of five marks per annum. In the 12th century the abuses of the church were assailed with great freedom and abundance of humorous wit in rhymed Latin verse, and a century or two later rubrics appear in the MSS. of these satirical poems ascribing them to Walter Map. &quot; Golias Episcopus &quot; is the nominal author and hero of a great many of these effusions ; that is to say, they repre sent the sayings and doings of Golias, the revelation made to him, the confession made by him, his creed, his reasons for not marrying, and so forth. The fact that Map s friend Giraldus Cambrensis denounces Golias as a foul-mouthed scoffer is rather against Map s alleged authorship, and they have probably been attributed to him in consequence of his great reputation as a wit, and a tradition that he had such a hatred of the White Monks that he exempted them from his oath as king s deputy to render even justice to all men. If these coarse and witty poems were really Map s, they are a proof of astonishing versatility, for they offer as great a contrast as possible to the high imaginative qualities, gracious tenderness, pure and lofty idealism, of his contri butions to the Round Table legends. This is not the place for an exposition of the origin of these legends, but the Quest du Saint Graal was undoubtedly written &quot;by Map, being assigned to him in the earliest MSS. M. Paulin Paris ascribes to him also, upon grounds which commend themselves as being at least highly probable, the Saint Graal, and the noble prologue and the concluding parts of Lancelot du Lac. The effect of these contributions to the cycle was to completely transform its character, making out of it a lofty spiritual allegory, and forcing the paganism of the earlier legends into the service of the morality of the church. With such consummate skill did Map insinuate his story of the Graal into the cycle that the separate legends of Lancelot, Gawain, Percival, and Tristan seem to grow out of it ; the whole luxuriant and irregular growth acquires a unity from its connexion with this root and stem. This reorganizing achievement alone, apart from the high romantic value of Map s independent additions, entitles him to a high place in literature. The De Nugis Curialium and the Latin poems commonly attri buted to Walter Mapes were edited by Mr Thomas Wright for the Camden Society ; and the Quest du Saint Graal, by Mr Furiiivall, for the Eoxburghe Club. MAPLE. Maples and the sycamore are species of Acer, suborder Acerinese-, order Sajrindacex. The genus includes about fifty species, natives of Europe, North America, North Asia, especially the Himalayas and Japan (Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pf., i. 409). Maples are for the most part trees with palmately-lobed leaves. The flowers are in corymbs or racemes, the lowermost mostly male, the terminal bisexual. The fruit is a two-winged &quot; samara.&quot; The earliest known maples occur in the Miocene strata of Oeningen, where nineteen species have been discovered, a greater number than occurs in any one district at the present day (Lyell s El of Geol, 6th ed. p. 250). A typical species appears to have been Acer trilobatum, Heer (Flora Tert. Ilelv., pi. 114). This had many marked varieties, of which leaves, flowers, and fruit have all been discovered. The foliage was even attacked by a fungus, Rhytisma induratum, Heer, just as the syca more is now by JR. acerinum, which forms black spots on the leaves. The common maple, A. campesfre, L., is the only species indigenous to Great Britain. This and the sycamore were described by Gerard in 1597 (Uerbdll, p. 1299), the latter being &quot; a stranger to England.&quot; Many species have been introduced, especially from Japan, for ornamental purposes. The following are more especially worthy of notice. European Species. Acer campcstre, L., the common maple, is common in hedgerows, but not often seen as a tree (see, however, Loudon, Arboretum, vol. i. p. 430). London gives four varieties, the downy-fruited, the variegated, the hill -inhabiting, and the