Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 15.djvu/522

Rh 498 M A N M A N he applied to Christian theology the metaphysical agnosticism which seemed to result from Kant s criticism, and which had been developed in Hamilton s Philosophy of the Unconditioned. Showing the contradictions which arise when we attempt to conceive God under the categories of substance or cause, Mansel contends that we can have no positive conception either of the metaphysical or moral attributes of the Absolute and Infinite Being, though we are compelled to believe in His existence, the religious conscious ness being built up by reflexion from the feeling of dependence and the conviction of moral obligation. Hence he infers the invalidity of all objections to revelation from its alleged inconsistency with the Divine character, maintaining the dependence of its claim to acceptance upon the evidences accompanying it. While denying all knowledge of the supersensuous, Mansel deviated from Kant in contending that cognition of the ego as it really is is itself a fact of experience. Consciousness, he held, agreeing thus with the doctrine of &quot; natural realism &quot; which Hamilton developed from Reid, implies knowledge both of self and of the external world. The latter MansePs psychology reduces to consciousness of our organism as extended ; with the former is given consciousness of free-will and moral obligation. These views and a summary &amp;lt;&amp;lt;f his whole philosophy are contained in his article &quot;Metaphysics&quot; contribute! to the 8th edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica (separately published, 1860). Mansel was also the author of an essay on The Philosophy of the Conditioned (1866) in reply to Mill s criticism of Hamilton, of other controversial and occasional writings republished in Letters, Lectures, and Reviews (1873), and of lectures on The Gnostic Heresies (edited by J. 13. Lightibot, 1875). MANSFELD, COUNT ERNEST OF (1535-1626), a natural son of Peter Ernest, governor of Luxemburg and Brussels, was barn iu 1585. Trained by his godfather, the archduke Ernest of Austria, in th3 Roman Catholic religion, he devoted himself to the service of the king of Spain in the Netherlands, and to that of the emperor in Hungary. The emperor Rudolf II. conferred on him the rights of legitimate birth, and promised to put him in possession of his father s lands in the Netherlands. As this promise was not fulfilled, he joined the Reformed Church, and in 1610 formally associated himself with the Protestant princes. From the outbreak of the Thirty Years War in 1618 he fought steadily on behalf of the elector uf the Palatinate both in Bohemia and in the Rhine country. In 1625 ha was able to collect a powerful force with which he intended to attack the hereditary territories of Austrii, but, on the 25th of April 1626, he was defeated by Wallenstein at Dessau. He pressed forward to effect a junction with Bethlen Gabor, prince of Transylvania, but as the latter changed his policy Mansfeld had no alternative but to disband his army. When preparing to go to England by Venice, he became ill at a village near Zara, and died on the 20th of November 1626. He was a man of great courage and resource, and ranks among the most brilliant generals of his age. See Reuss, Graf Ernst von Mansfeld im bohmischcn Krierje 1618-21 (1865) ; Villermont, Ernest do Mansfeld (1866) ; and Graf Uetterodt zu ScharlFenberg, Ernest Graf zu, Mansfeld, his- torische Darstcllu.ny (1367). MANSFIELD, a market-town in the county of Nottingham, England, is situated in Sherwood Forest, near the north bank of the river Mann or Maun, 17 miles north-west from Nottingham, and 140 north-north-west of London by rail. The town is built of stone, with regular streets radiating from the market place, and several good houses. The church of St Peter is partly Early Norman and partly Perpendicular. There is a grammar school founded by Q ieon Elizibeth in 1561, for which new buildings have lately been erected at a cost of 10,000. Twelve alrnshouses were founded by Elizabeth Heath in 1693, and to these six were afterwards added. In addition there aro a number of other charities. The other principal buildings are the town-hall, the mechanics institute, and the public baths. In the market place there is a monu ment to L rd George Bentinck. The industries of the town are the manufacture of lace thread, cotton hose, machines, engines, and bricks and tile^, iron-founding, and brewing. In the neighbourhood there are quarries of limestone, sandstone, and freestone. Population in 1871, 11,824; in 1881, 13,651. From coins found at Mansfield and the remains of a Roman villa in the neighbourhood, it is believed to have been a Roman station. During the heptarchy it was occasionally the residence of the Mercian kings, and it was afterwards a favourite resort of Norman sovereigns. By Henry VIII. the manor was granted to the earl of Surrey. Afterwards it went by exchange to the duke of Newcastle, ami from the Newcastles to the Portland family. The town obtained a fair from Richard II. in 1377. MANSFIELD, the county seat of Richhnd county, Ohio, U.S., pleasantly situated on high ground, 54 miles south of Sandusky, in the midst of a prosperous farming district. It is the terminus of the North-Western Ohio Rail road, and is at the junction of the Baltimore and Ohio, the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne, and Chicago, and the New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio lines. It possesses a flourishing trade, and extensive manufactories of agricultural imple ments, machinery, flour, boilers, carriages, and household furniture, with many minor industries. Mansfield has public water-works on the &quot; Holly &quot; system, a public library, and an opera-house. The population was 8029 in 1870 and 9859 in 1880. MANSFIELD, WILLIAM MURRAY, EARL OF (1705- 1793), was born at Scone, in Perthshire, on 2d March 1705. He was the eleventh child and fourth son of David, fifth Viscount Stormont, a nobleman whose family possessions had shrunk within so narrow limits that he had to bring up his numerous family with exceedingly strict economy. The family was Jacobite in its politics, and the second son, being apparently mixed up in some of the plots of the time, joined the court of the Pretender at the accession of George I., and was created by him earl of Dunbar. William Murray was sent first to the grammar school at Perth, where he remained until he was thirteen, and at that age was sent to Westminster at the suggestion of his exiled brother, who had been in close relation with Atterbury (then dean of Westminster), and probably desired to bring the boy under his influence. He was elected a king s scholar a year after his entrance, and in 1723 was first on the list of scholars sent on the foundation to Christ Church, where he remained for nearly four years. It had been originally intended that he should enter the English church, as, although his own inclination while at school pointed strongly towards the bar, the circumstances of his family seemed to forbid the expense of a legal education. But this obstacle was removed by the kindness of the father of one of his school fellows, and he was entered at Lincoln s Inn. Soon after he went to Oxford. In 1727 ho took chambers in Lincoln s Inn, and in 1730 was called to the bar. His studies from the time he left Westminster seem to have been steadily directed towards his future profession, but in a manner far more liberal than was then usual among lawyers. He had made himself at Westminster and Oxford an admirable classical scholar ; he paid particular attention to English composition and to the art of debate; his historical studies were extensive, and in the more strictly professional sphere his wide view of the education necessary for a lawyer was shown by the knowledge he acquired of Roman law and of the juridical writers of Scotland and France. At the same time he enjoyed the advantage of mixing extensively with the best literary society. He had early become an intimate friend of Pope, and his own ability and accomplishments soon made him everywhere a man of mark. For two or three years he made little or no progress at the bar, but at length his appearance in some important Scotch appeal cases brought him into notice, and in Scotland at least he acquired an immense reputation by his appearance for the city of Edinburgh when it was