Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 15.djvu/521

Rh manors to others, the seignory of the superior baron was frequently termed an honour. MANHESA, a town of Catalonia, Spain, 39 miles north-west of Barcelona, with a population of 15,264. It was formerly Bacasis, one of the cities of the Jaccetani, the most important of the small tribes at the foot of the Pyrenees. It lies on the left bank of the Cardonero, 2 miles above its junction with the Llobregat, in the midst of a fertile and well-irrigated district, and its chief manufactures are cloth, cotton, silk, gunpowder, and brandy. Building stone is quarried near the town. The Cardonero is crossed by two bridges, one ancient, the other erected in 1804. The two principal sights of Man- resa are the collegiate church, El Seo, commenced in 1328, and finished in the 15th century, and the Cueva de San Ygnacio. The late Mr G. E. Street has minutely described the church in his Gothic Architecture of /Spain. Among its greatest treasures he specializes a magnificent altar frontal as &quot; the most beautiful work of its age.&quot; It is 10 feet long by 2 feet 10 inches in height, and is divided into nine compartments, at the bottom of which is the inscription in Lombardic characters : GEEI : LAPI : RECHAMATORE : MEFECiT : iNFLORENTiA. In the Cueva de San Ygnacio, Ignatius Loyola lived for a year, fasting and submitting himself to the severest penances, constantly gazing at the shrine of the Virgin of Montserrat, who, he asserted, encouraged him in his austerities. A great monastery surrounds the cave, which is visited by thousands of pilgrims, and from the esplanade there is a magnificent view of the &quot; pinnacles, spires, turrets, sugar- loaves, and pyramids of faint grey rocks,&quot; constituting the famous mountain of Montserrat. At Cardona, a little more than 20 miles to the north-west of Manresa, there is a remarkable hill of rock-salt 3 miles in circumference, and 350 feet in height, which is estimated to contain 400 million cubic yards of salt. MANS, LE, a town of France, formerly capital of Maine and now of the department of Sarthe, lies 118 miles (131 by rail) W.S.W. from Paris, near the confluence of the Sarthe and the Huisne, on an elevation rising from the left bank of the former river. Three bridges besides that of the rail way connect the town with the quarter on the right bank. Of the wide and commodious thoroughfares which are gradually superseding the old winding and narrow streets, the most worthy of notice is the tunnel by which the Place des Jacobins is connected with the river side. The principal building is the cathedral, originally founded by St Julian, to whom it is dedicated. Rebuilt in the 6th century by St Innocent, in the 9th by St Aldric, and a third or fourth time in the llth by Vulgrin, who was at once architect and bishop, it was completed by the addition of two towers in the 12th. Destroyed by two fires, the roof was recon structed in the Gothic style, and the transept and south portal were added. In the 13th century the choir was en larged in the grandest and boldest style of that magnificent period. Finally a new transept and a bell tower were added in the 15th century. In the large window of the west front the ten divisions which have for their subject the legend of St Julian are the oldest extant specimens of stained glass in France (end of llth century). The side portal (12th century) is richly decorated, and its statuettes exhibit many interesting costumes of the period. The aisles have ten bays, but the nave only five ; the transept is much higher ; from it rises the only tower of the building. The austere simplicity of the nave is in striking contrast with the lavish richness of the ornamentation in the choir and apse. The former is 115 feet in height, and has twelve chapels besides the sacristy ; its windows almost entirely date from the middle of the 1 3th century. The glass of the north transept is of the 15th century, and represents the Last Judgment; 497 it contains many historical figures. The cathedral has also curious tapestries and some remarkable tombs, including that of Berengaria, queen of Richard Coeur de Lion. The entire length of the building is 427 feet. Close to the western wall is a megalithic monument nearly 15 feet in height. The church of La Couture, which belonged to an old abbey founded in the 7th century by St Bertrand or Bertram, has a remarkable porch of the 13th century; the rest of the building is older. Of the other churches of Le Mans, none require special mention except that of Notre Dame du Pre&quot;, on the right bank of the Sarthe. Of the secular buildings may be mentioned the hotel de ville, built about a century ago on the site of the former castle of the counts of Maine, and the prefecture, occupying the site of the monastery of La Couture (1760). The latter contains the library (50,000 volumes, 700 MSS.), the com munal archives, and the museum of paintings, archaeology, and natural history. Other prominent buildings are the general hospital, the lyceum, the seminary, the palais de justice, and the cavalry barracks; the house occupied by Scarron is still pointed out, and there are considerable remains of the old Gallo-Roman enceinte. The principal promenades are those of the Jacobins, of the horticultural garden, Du Greffier (on the right bank of the river), and Des Sapins (on the road to Tours). The industries of Le Mans, which are carried on chiefly in the faubourg of Pontlieue, include metal-working, the manufacture of agri cultural implements, and weaving. For some years there has been a Government tobacco factory. A local specialty is the fattening of poultry. The population in 1876 was 50,175 (including 5282 representing the garrison, &c.). Le Mans is an important railway junction. As tlic capital of the Aulerci Cenomani, Le Mans was called. Suindinum or Viiidinum. The Romans surrounded it with walls in the 3d century ; it was evangelized by St Julian in the 4th. The countsliip of Maine was made hereditary by Hugh Capet in the 10th century. Le Mans was seized by William the Con queror, but his son Robert was unable to retain it. Having chosen the side of Richard Coeur-de-Lion, it was taken by Philip Augustus, recaptured by John, subsequently confiscated, and afterwards ceded to the widow of Richard. Maine was next held by Margaret, the wife of St Louis, who gave it to his brother Charles of Anjou. Le Mans was five times besieged during the Hundred Years War, and was subsequently devastated by the Huguenots in 1562. In 1793 it was seized by the Vendeans, who were expelled by Marceau after a sanguinary battle in the streets of the town. In 1799 it was again occupied by the Chouans ; and in January 1871 the second army of the Loire sustained in the neighbourhood of Le Mans a defeat which made the relief of Paris impossible. The town is the birthplace of Henry II. of England, of John the Good, king of France, and of Chappe, the inventor of the aerial telegraph. MANSEL, HENRY LONGUEVILLE (1820-1871), meta physician and theologian, was born at Cosgrove, North amptonshire (where his father was rector) in 1820, and educated at Merchant Taylors School and St John s College, Oxford. He succeeded to a fellowship in 1842, graduated in 1843, and became tutor of his college. He was ap pointed reader in moral and metaphysical philosophy at Magdalen College in 1855, becoming Waynnete professor in 1859. In 1867 he succeeded Dean Stanley as professor of ecclesiastical history, and in the following year was appointed dean of St Paul s. He died July 31, 1871. The philosophy of Mansel, like that of his older contemporary Sir W. Hamilton of Edinburgh, was mainly due to three sources, the works of Aristotle, the speculations of Kant, and the philosophy of Reid. Like Hamilton, Mansel maintained the purely formal character of logical science, the duality of consciousness as testify ing to both self and the external world, and the limitation of knowledge to the finite and &quot; conditioned.&quot; His logical doctrines were developed in his edition of Aldrich s Arils Logica; Rudimcnlit (1849) his chief contribution to the reviving study of Aristotle and in his Prolegomena Logica,an Inquiry into the Psychological Character of Logical Processes (1851), in which the limits of logic as the &quot;science of formal thinking&quot; are rigorously determined. In his Bampton Lectures on The Limits of Religious Thought (1858) XV. 63