Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 15.djvu/135

Rh L Y S L Y S 119 of facts (Sa;y??o-&amp;lt;.s), proofs (Tri crms), which may be either external, as from witnesses, or internal, derived from argument on the facts, and, lastly, conclusion (eWAoyos). It is in the introduction and the narrative that Lysias is seen at his best. In his greatest extant speech that 4t Against Eratosthenes&quot; and also in the fragmentary &quot; Olympiacus,&quot; he has pathos and fire ; but these were not characteristic qualities of his work. In Cicero s judg ment, Demosthenes was peculiarly distinguished by force (vis), yEschines by resonance (sonitus), Hyper ides by acuteness (acumen), Isocrates by sweetness (suavitas) ; the distinction which he assigns to Lysias is subtilitas, an Attic refinement, which, as he elsewhere says, is often joined to an admirable vigour (lacerti), (Cic., De Or., iii. 7, 28 ; Brutus, 64). The judgment is interesting as showing how a Roman critic of unquestionable competence recognized the peculiar place of Lysias in the development of Greek oratory. Nor was it oratory alone to which Lysias rendered service ; his work had an important effect on all subsequent Greek prose, by showing how perfect elegance could bo joined to plainness. Here, in his artistic use of familiar idiom, he might fairly be called the Euripides of Attic prose. And his style has an additional charm for modem readers, because it is employed in describing scenes from the everyday life of Athens. 1 orks. Thirty-four speeches (of which three are fragmentary) have como clown under the name of Lysias ; no fewer than one hundred and twenty-seven more, now lost, are known from smaller fragments or from titles. In the Augustan age four hundred and twenty-five works bore his name, of which more than two hundred were allowed as genuine by the critics. The enormous number of ascriptions indicates that Lysias was reputed to have been a fertile writer. Our thirty-four works may be classified as follows : - A. KPIDEICTIC. 1. Olympiacus, xxxiii., 388 B.C.; 2. Epita- phius, ii. (purporting to have been spoken during the Corinthian War; certainly spurious), perhaps composed about 380-340 B.C. B. DELIBERATIVE. Plea for the Constitution, xxxiv., 403 B.C. C. FORENSIC, IN PUBLIC CAUSES. I. Relating to Offences directly against the State (ypacpal STJ/XOCTIWV a.StKii/j.dTaij ) ; such as treason, malversation in office, embezzlement of public moneys. 1. For Polystratus, xx. , 407 B.C.; 2. Defence on a Charge of Taking Bribes, xxi. , 402 B.C.; 3. Against Ergocles, xxviii. , 389 B.C.; 4. Against Epicrates, xxvii., 389 B.C.; 5. Against Nicomachus, xxx., 399 B.C.; 6. Against the Corndealers, xxii., 386 B.C. (?) II. Cause relating to Unconstitutional Procedure (ypa&amp;lt;p)] irapavonwv). On the Property of the Brother of Nicias, xviii., 395 B.C. III. Causes rclati/iy to Claims for Money withheld from the State (a.iroypa&amp;lt;pa. 1. For the Soldier, ix. (probably not by Lysias, but by an imitator, writing for a real cause), 394 B.C. (?) ; 2. On the Property of Aristo phanes, xix., 387 B.C.; 3. Against Philocrates, xxix., 389 B.C. IV. Causes relating to a Scrutiny (So/a^ao-ia) ; especially the Scrutiny, by the Senate, of Officials Designate. 1. Against Evandrus, xxvi., 382 B.C. ; 2. For Mantitheus, xvi.,392 B.C.; 3. Against Philon,xxxi., between 404 and 395 B.C.; 4. Defence on a Charge of Seeking to Abolish the Democracy, xxv., 401 B.C.; 5. For the Invalid, xxiv., 402 B.C. (?) V. Causes relating to Military Offences (ypcxpal roTa- iov, acrrpaTfias). 1. Against Alcibiades, I. and II. (xiv., xv. ), 395 B.C. VI. Causes relating to Murder or Intent to Murder {yparpal &amp;lt;p6vou, Tpa.vfj.aTos e/c irpovoias). 1. Against Eratosthenes, xii., 403 B.C. ; 2. Against Agoratus, xiii., 399 B.C. ; 3. On the Murder of Eratosthenes, i. (date uncertain) ; 4. Against Simon, iii., 393 B.C. ; 5. On Wounding with Intent, iv. (date uncertain). VI. Causes relating to Impiety (ypcupal do-e/Jeias). 1. Against Ando- ides, vi. (certainly spurious, but perhaps contemporary) ; 2. For Callias, v. (date uncertain); 3. On the Sacred Olive, vii., not be fore 395 B.C. D. FORENSIC, IN PRIVATE CAUSES. I. Action for Libel (81*07 Ka/cr/-yopi as). Against Theomnestus, x., 384-3 B.C. (the so-called second speech, xi., is merely an epitome of the first). II. Action by a Ward against a Guardian (81/177 eViTpoirijs). Against Diogeiton, xxxii., 400 B.C. III. Trial of a Claim to Property (SmSt/cao-ia). On the Property of Eraton, xvii., 397 B.C. IV. Answer to a Special Plea (irp bs irapaypacpijv). Against Pancleon, xxiii. (date uncertain). E. MISCELLANEOUS. 1. To his Companions, a Complaint of Slanders, viii. (certainly spurious) ; 2. The *pu&amp;gt;TiK6s in Plato s Phaedrus, pp. 230 E-234. This has generally been 1 For a detailed account of the life, the style, and the works of Lysias, the reader is referred to Jebb, The Attic Orators from Antiphon to Isxus, vol. i. pp. 142-316. regarded as Plato s own work ; but the certainty of this conclusion will be doubted by those who observe (1) the elaborate preparations made in the dialogue for a recital of tho IpaninAs which shall bo verbally exact, and (2) the closeness of the criticism made upon it. If the satirist were merely analysing his own composition, such criticism would have little point, Lysias is the earliest writer who is known to have composed tpw-riKoi ; it is as representing both rhetoric and a false epus that he is the object of attack in tho Phasdrus. F. FRAGMENTS. Three hundred and fifty-five of these are collected by Sauppe, Oratorcs Attici, ii. 170-216. Two hundred and fifty-two of them represent one hundred and twenty-seven speeches of known title ; and of six the fragments are comparatively large. Of these, the fragmentary speech &quot; For Pherenicus &quot; belongs to 381 or 380 B.C., and is thus the latest known work of Lysias. In literary and historical interest, the first place among the ex tant speeches of Lysias belongs to that &quot;Against Era tost lunes&quot; (403 B.C.), one of the Thirty Tyrants, whom Lysias arraigns as tho murderer of his brother Polemarchus. The speech is an eloquent and vivid picture of the reign of terror which the thirty established at _Athens ; the concluding appeal, to both parties among the citizens, is especially powerful. Next in importance is the speech Against Agoratus &quot; (399 B.C. ), one of our chief authorities for tho internal history of Athens during the months which immediately followed the defeat at Jigospotami. The &quot; Olympiacus &quot; (388 B.C.) is a brilliant fragment, expressing the spirit of the festival at Olym- pia, and exhorting Greeks to unite against their common foes. The &quot; Plea for the Constitution &quot; (403 B.C.) is interesting for the manner in which it argues that the wellbeing of Athens now stripped of empire is bound up with the maintenance of democratic principles. The speech &quot; For Mantitheus &quot; (392 B.C.) is a graceful and animated portrait of a young Athenian l-irir^vs, making a spirited defence of his honour against the charge of disloyalty. The defence &quot;For the In valid &quot;is a humorous character- sketch. The speech &quot;Against Pancleon &quot; illustrates the intimate relations between Athens and Platffia, while it gives us some picturesque glimpses of Athenian town life. The defence of the person who had been charged with destroy ing a moria, or sacred olive, places us amidst the country life of Attica. And the speech &quot; Against Theomnestus &quot; deserves attention for its curious evidence of the way in which the ordinary vocabulary of Athens had changed between 600 and 400 B.C. All MSS. of Lysias yet collated have been derived, as II. Sauppe first showed, Biblio- from the Codex Palatinus X (Heidelberg). The next most valuable MS. is the Laurentianus C (15th century), which I. Bekker chiefly followed. Speaking gene- rally, we may say that these two MSS. are the only two which cany much weight where the text is seriously corrupt. In Oratt. i.-ix. Bekker occasionally consulted eleven other MSS.. most of which contain only these nine &quot;r eches : viz., Marciani F, G, I, K (Venice) ; Laurentiani 1), E (Florence): Va.icani M, N; Paritdnl U, V ; Urbinas 0. Lysias in Oratores Attici, ed. I. Bekker, 1828 ; ed. G. S Dobson, with vaiiorum notes, 1828 ; ed. J. G. Baiter and Hermann Sauppe, 1850. In Teubner s series, ed. Carl Scheibe, 1st ed. 1852, 2d ed. (based on C. L. Kayser s collation of X), 1876. Text, ed. Cobet, 1863. Selections from Lysias and ^Eschines, ed. Bremi, 1826. Selections from Lysias, cd. Rauchenstein, 1864; ed. Frohberger, 18C8; ed. Jebli, in Selections from the Attic Orators, 1880. German translation, with notes, by Baur (1869) ; and of selections, by Westermann (1869). (R. C. J.) LYSIMACHUS, son of Agathocles, a Thessalian in the service of Philip of Macedon, was born about 361 B.C. During Alexander s campaigns Le was one of his im mediate bodyguard ; he distinguished himself in India, and was appointed a trierarch when Alexander constructed his fleet on the Hydaspes. After the death of Alexander, Lysimachus was appointed to the government of Thrace and the district about tho Chersonese. For a long time the Odrysians under their king Seuthes caused him so much trouble that he could take very little part in the struggles of the rival satraps ; but in 316 he joined the alliance which Cassander, Ptolemy, and Seleucus made against Antigonus. In 309 he founded Lysimachia in a commanding situation on the neck connecting the Chersonese with the mainland. He followed the example of Antigonus in taking the title of king. When in 302 the second alliance between Cassander, Ptolemy, and Seleucus was made, Lysimachus, reinforced by troops from Cassander, entered Asia Minor, where he met with little resistance. On the approach of Antigonus he retired into winter quarters near Heraclea, marrying its widowed queen Amastris, a Persian princess, Seleucus joined him in 301, and the decisive battle was fought in the plain of Ipsus ; Antigonus was slain, and his dominions divided among the victors, Lysimachus receiving the greater part of Asia Minor. Feeling that Seleucus was becoming dangerously great, he now allied himself with Ptolemy, marrying his