Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 15.djvu/106

Rh L Y C L Y C Tylor is right in referring lycanthropous&quot; insane delusions to an antecedent belief in lycauthropy, instead of ascribing lycanthropy to insane delusions. Literature. In the numerous mediaeval works directed t&amp;gt; the study of sorcery and witchcraft, the contemporaneous phases of lycanthropy occupy a pro minent pi ice. In addition to the authors who have been already mentioned, the following may be named as giving special attention to this subject : Wier, De Prx.-tigiis Dxmonum, Amsterdam, 1563; Bodin, Demonomanie des Sorciers, Paris, 1580; lioguet, Discourt des Borders, Lyons, 2d ed. I(i08; Lancre, Tableau de I Inconstance de Mauvais Anges, Paris, 1613; Psellus, De Operations Dxmonum, Paris, 1615; see also Glanvil, Sadducismus Triumphal us, for the English equi valents of lycanthropy. Treatises solely confined to lycanthropy are rare both in mediaeval and in modern times; but a few are well known, as, for instance, those of Bourquelot and Nynau .d, De la Lycanthropie, Paris, 1615; Hartz, De Werwolf, Stuttgart, 1862; Baring Gould, The Book of Were-icolves, London, 1865. Incidentally, however, lycanthropy has engaged the attention of a large number of writers, most of whom theorize regarding its origin. An exhaustive enumera tion of these cannot be here attempted; but the following works will be found particularly instructive: Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie, vols. ii. and iii., 4th ed., 111., iuusuow, 10017; lyioi, r riiuit tie c uu ut K, uj. i., AJUUUUH, LOI i, uiiu siHiiri vputvyy, chap. xiv. and xv., London, 1S81; Gubernatis, Zoological Mythology (especially chaps, xi. and xii.), London, 1872; Ralston, Songs of thz Russian People, London, 1872; Laisnel de la Salle. Croyances et Legendes du Centre de la trance, Paris, 1875; Conway, Demoiiology and Devil Lore, vol. i., London, 1879. For the medical aspects of lycanthropy, consult the Asylum Journal of Mental Science, vol iii. p. 100 (Dr D. H. Tuke), and authorities there cited. (J. F. M L.) LYCAON, son of Pelasgus or of Aizeus, was the mythical first king of Arcadia, who founded the first city Lycosoura and the worship of Zeus on Mount Lycaeus. He, or his fifty impious sons, entertained Zeus and set before him a dish of human flesh; the god pushed away the dish in disgust and overturned the table at a place called Trapezus. In punishment either lightning slew the king and his sons, or they were turned into wolves. Pausanias (viii. 2) says that Lycaon sacrificed a child to Zeus, and was during the sacrifice turned into a wolf. Henceforth the story ran a man was turned into a wolf at each annual sacrifice to Zeus Lycaeus, recovering his human form after ten years if he had not during that time eaten human flesh. Lyciou is evidently the Lycaean form of a very common conception, viz., the divine first man, whose life is the heavenly fire, who comes to earth and returns to heaven as the lightning. The oldest city, the oldest cultus, and the first civilization of Arcadia are attributed to him. The mysterious cultus and the human sacrifices, which continued apparently through the historical period (Paus., viii. 38), of Zeus Lycaeus have moulded the legends of the Lycaean first man and first king. Moreover his name, which is connected with that of the mountain, suggested a derivation from XVKOS, wolf; and legends analogous to those of the Teutonic were-wolf (see LYCAN- THKOPY) naturally grew round him. Plate II. LYCAONIA, in ancient geography, was the name given to a province in the interior of Asia Minor, north of Mount Taurus. It was bounded on the E. by Cappadocia, on the N. by Galatia, on the W. by Phrygia and Pisidia, while to the S. it extended to the chain of Mount Taurus, from which it was, however, in part separated by Isauria, though some writers included that district in Lycaonia. Its boundaries appear indeed to have varied at different times, as was the case with all the nations of Asia Minor. The name is not found in Herodotus, but Lycaonia is men tioned by Xenophon as traversed by Cyrus the younger on his march through Asia. That author, however, de scribes Iconium, one of the principal cities of Lycaonia, as included in Phrygia. But in Strabo s time the limits of the province were more clearly recognized, though Isauria was by some authors considered as a part of Lycaonia, by others as a distinct province. Ptolemy, on the other hand, includes Lycaonia as a part of Cappadocia, with which it may have been associated by the Romans for administrative purposes; but the two countries are clearly distinguished both by Strabo and Xenophon. Lycaonia is well described by Strabo as a cold region of elevated plains, affording pasture to wild asses and to sheep. It in fact forms a part of the great table-land which con stitutes the whole intsrior of Asia Minor, and has through out its whole extent an elevation of more than 3000 feet above the sea. It suffers, moreover, severely from the want of water, aggravated by the abundance of salt in the soil, so that the whole northern portion of the province, extending from near Iconium to the salt lake of Tatta, and the frontiers of Galatia, was almost wholly barren. Other portions of the country, however, notwithstanding the deficiency of water, were well adapted for feeding sheep, so that Amyntas, king of Galatia, to whom the district was for a time subject, maintained there not less than three hundred flocks, which brought him in a large revenue. Though the greater part of Lycaonia is a broad open plain, extending as far as the underfalls of the Taurus, its monotonous character is interrupted by some minor ranges, or rather groups of mountains, of volcanic character, of which the Kara Dagh in the southern portion of the district, a few miles north of Karaman, rises to a height of above 8000 feet, while the Karadja Dagh, to the north-east of the preceding, though of very inferior elevation, presents a striking range of volcanic cones. The mountains in the north-west of the province, near Iconium and Laodicea, on the other hand, are the termination of the great range of the Sultan Dagh, which traverses a large part of Phrygia. The Lycaoriians appear to have been in early times to a great extent independent of the Persian empire, and were like their neighbours the Isaurians a wild and lawless race of freebooters; but their country was traversed by one of the great natural lines of high road through Asia Minor, from Sardis and Ephesus to the Cilician gates, and a few considerable towns would naturally grow up along this line of route. The most important of these was Iconium, in the most fertile spot in the province, of which it has always continued to be the capital. It is still called Konieh. A little farther north, immediately on the frontier of Phrygia, stood Laodicea (Ladik), called Combusta, to distinguish it from the Phrygian city of that name; and in the south, near the foot of Mount Taurus, was Laranda, now called Karaman, which has given name to the province of Karamania. Derbe and Lystra, which appear from the Acts of the Apostles to have been considerable towns, were apparently situated in the same part of the district, but their sites have not been identified. The other towns mentioned by ancient writers were insignificant places. The Lycaonians appear to have still retained a distinct nationality in the time of Strabo, but we are wholly in the dark as to their ethnical affinities, or relations to the tribes by which they were surrounded. The mention of the Lycaonian language in the Acts of the Apostles (xiv. 11) is evidently only intended to designate the vernacular tongue, as opposed to Greek, and cannot be regarded as any proof that they spoke a different language from their neighbours the Phrygians or Cappadocians. LYCIA, in ancient geography, was the name given to a Plate II, district in the south-west of Asia Minor, occupying the portion of the coast between Caria and Pamphylia, and extending inland as far as the ridge of Mount Taurus. The region thus designated is one strongly marked by nature, as constituting a kind of peninsula or promontory projecting towards the south from the great mountain masses of the interior. It was also inhabited from a very early period by a distinct people, known to the Greeks as Lycians, but whose native name, according to Herodotus, was Termilae, or (as it is written by Hecatteus) Tremilac, and this is con firmed by native inscriptions, in which the name is written Tramilce. Herodotus tells us also that they were not the original inhabitants of the country, which was previously occupied by the Milyans, and this is rendered probable by the fact that a people of that name was still found in the rugged mountainous district in the north-east, who appear to hrve always continued distinct from the Lycians. But