Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 14.djvu/897

 L N L N 867 had made his celebrated astronomical observations. On his arrival at Copenhagen, he found a patron in the person of Christian Friis, chancellor of Denmark, who gave him employment in his household. He continued in this situa tion till 1603, when he received the appointment of rector of the college of Wiborg. Two years Inter (1605) he was elected to the chair of mathematics in the university of Copenhagen. This appointment he held till his death, on the 8th of October 1647. Longomontanus, although one of the best astronomers of his age, inherited some of its worst prejudices. A firm believer in astrology, he held, among other things, that comets were messengers of evil. He also imagined that he had squared the circle. He found that the circle whose diameter is 43 has for its circumference the square root of 18252, which gives 3 141 85 for the value of TT. Pell and others endeavoured to prove that he was mistaken, but they failed to convince him of his error. He refers to his imagined discovery in almost all his published works, and defends his position with great zeal. The following is a list of his more important works in mathe matics ami astronomy, with the dates of their first publica tion : Systcmatis Malhvmatici, &c. , 1611; Cyclometria e Lunulis rcciprocc d-monstrata, &c., 1612; Disputatio dc Edipsibus, 1616; Astronomia Danica, &c. , 1622; Disputationes quatuor Astrologicee, 1622 ; Pentos Problcmatum Philosophise, 1623 ; De Chronolabio Ilixiorico, seu dc Tempore Disputationes tres, 1627 ; Geometrias qusesitct XIII. de Cydonwtria rationale ct vera, 1631 ; Inventio Quadraturfe Circuli, 1634 ; Disputatio de Mathescos Indole, 1636 ; Coronis Problcmatica ex Mystcriistrium Numcrorum, 1637; Problc- mata duo Geomctrica, 1638 ; Problcma contra Paulum Guldinumde Circuli Mensura, 1638 ; Introdudio in Theatrum Astronomicum, 1639; Eotimdi in Piano, &c., 1644; Admiranda Operatic trium Numcrorum 6, 7, 8, &c., 1645; Caput tcrtium Libri primi dc absnlufn Mcnsura Rotundi plani, &c., 1646. LONGUEVILLE, ANNE GENEVIEVE, DUCHESSE DE (1619-1679), who played the greatest part in the troubles of the Fronde, and whose name has come down to posterity as the brilliant intriguer in politics in her early and the pious protectress of the nuns of Port Royal in her later years, was the only daughter of Henri de Bourbon, Prince de Conde, and his wife Charlotte Marguerite de Montmorency, and the only sister of Louis, the great Condu. She was born on August 28, 1619, in the prison of Vincennes, into which her father had been thrown for ! opposition to Marshal D Ancre, the favourite of Marie de Medici, who was then regent in the minority of Louis XIII. She was educated in the convent of the Carmelites in the Rue St Jacques at Paris, which had been recently established under the influence of St Teresa s reforms by nuns of the strictest piety, whose teaching she never en tirely forgot. Her early years were clouded by the execu tion of the young and brilliant Due de Montmorency, her mother s only brother, for intriguing against the great Richelieu in 1631, and that of her mother s cousin the Comte de Montmorency Boutteville for duelling in 1635 ; but, in spite of their sorrow, her parents made their peace with Richelieu, and when she was introduced into society in 1635 she found plenty of court gaiety to enjoy. She soon became one of the bright particular stars of the Hotel Rambouillet, where all that was learned, witty, and gay in France used to assemble, and which had not yet degene rated into the meeting place of those jwecieuses whom Moliere was to laugh out of existence. It was first proposed to marry her to the young Prince de Joinville, and thus unite the Guises and Condes, but he died in 1639, and her parents could only find for her husband the Due de Longue- ville, a prince of the blood indeed, and governor of Nor mandy, but a widower, and twice her age. The marriage could not be a happy one, but the young duchess long re mained faithful to him, and bore him four children. After Richelieu s death her father became chief of the council of regency during the minority of Louis XIV., her brother Louis won the great victory of Rocroy in 1643 (see CONDE), and the duchess became of political importance. In 1647 she accompanied her husband to Miinster, where he was sent by Mazarin as chief envoy, and where she charmed the German diplomatists who were making the treaty of West phalia, and was addressed as the &quot; goddess of peace and concord.&quot; On her return she fell in love with the Due de la Rochefoucauld, the author of the Maxims, who made use of her love to obtain influence over her brother, and thus win titles and honours for himself. She was the guiding spirit of the first Fronde, when she brought over Armand, Prince de Conti, her second brother, and her husband to the malcontents, but she failed to attract Condd himself, whose loyalty to the court overthrew the first Fronde. However, La Rochefoucauld won the titles he desired. The second Fronde was again her work, owing to her lover s disgust at losing his new honours, and in it she played the most pro minent part in attracting to the rebels first Cond6 and later Turenne (see CONDE). It is not necessary to give the whole history of the wars of the Fronde, which is detailed else where, but it must be noticed that the duchess herself only mingled in politics to please her lover, and gain his ends. In the last year of the war she was accompanied into Guienne by the young and handsome Due de Nemours, her intimacy with whom gave La Rochefoucauld an excuse for abandoning her, and who himself immediately returned to his old mistress the Duchesse de Chevreuse. Thus aban doned, and in disgrace at court, the duchess betook herself to religion. She accompanied her husband to his govern ment at Rouen, and devoted herself to good works. She took for her director M. Singlin, so famous in the history of Port Royal, and from that time began her new religious life. Till 1663 she chiefly lived in Normandy, when her husband died, and she came to Paris. There she became more and more Jansenist in opinion, and her piety and the remem brance of her influence during the disastrous days of the Fronde, and above all the tender love her brother, the great Cond^, bore her, made her a conspicuous figure. The king pardoned her, and in every way showed the respect he had for her. She became the great protectress of the Jansenists ; it was in her house that Arnauld, Nicole, and De Lane were protected ; and to her influence must be in great part attributed the release of De Sacy from the Bastille, the introduction of Pomponne into the ministry and of Arnauld to the king. Her famous letters to the pope are part of the history of PORT ROYAL (q.v.), and as long as she lived the nuns of Port Royal des Champs were left in safety. Through the latter years of her life she had, despite the honour in which she was held, much to bear. Her elder son resigned his title and estates, and became a Jesuit under the name of the Abbe d Orleans, while the younger, after leading a very debauched life, was killed, bravely leading the attack in the passage of the Rhine in 1673. As her health failed she devoted herself more and more to religion, and hardly ever left the convent of the Carmelites in which she had been educated. On her death in 1679 she was buried with great splendour by her brother Conde&quot;, and her heart, as she had directed, was sent to the nuns of that Port Royal des Champs which she had so greatly protected and defended. Her life is note worthy, both from the harm she did in the turbulent days of the Fronde, though she acted, hardly knowing what she did, from love rather than from selfish ambition, and also from the greatness of her penitence, when her protection of Port Royal more than redeemed her fame, and gave her a title to the grateful remembrance of all who reverence true piety and learning more than the artificial glitter of the reign of the &quot;grand monarque.&quot; The chief authority for Madame de Longueville s life is a little book in two volumes by Villefore the Jansenist, published in 1738.