Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 14.djvu/667

 L I L I M (Uo price of labour has hitherto prevented any efforts on a large scale being permanently successful. There are, however, manufactories for tallow, soap, sperm candles, glue, gold lace, gilt leather, and silver filigree work, and the capital supplies the towns of the republic with coarse woollen fabrics. The market is attended daily by about a thousand dealers. Fish is supplied from Callao, and vegetables partly from gardens in the city and environs, and partly from the native villages. Since 1857 the water for drinking purposes has been obtained filtered from the Rimac, and supplied by pipes to the houses. The imports are various ; the exports include guano, cinchona, Indian wool, raw cotton, hides, sugar, saltpetre, gold, silver, and other minerals. Under ordinary conditions the imports and exports together exceed 5,000,000 annually. There are railways f.om Lima leading to Callao, Chancay, Chorrillos, and Oroya ; the construction of several other lines has been stopped by the war with Chili. In 1780 the population of Lima was 50,000; in I860 it had reached 100,341, and in 1868 121,362, of whom 38,761 ~vere foreigners. A recent estimate (1877) gives the number at about 200,000, but, considering the vicissitudes the city has since then endured, these figures must be considered at the present time (1882) as far too high. The Spanish natives have the reputation of being courteous, affable, and generous, but at the same time fond of pleasure, improvident, and superstitious. By confession they are mostly Roman Catholics. Lima was founded 18th January 1535, by Francisco Pizarro, who named it Ciudad de los Reyes in honour of the emperor Charles V. and Doha Juana his mother, or, according to some authors, from its site having been selected on the 6th January, the Feast of the Epiphany. The name afterwards gave place to that of Lima, a Spanish corruption of the Quichua word llimac. In 1548 Lima received its first archbishop, and in 1532 the earliest provincial council for the state was held there. Remaining under Spanish rule during the 17th, 18th, and early part of the 19th centuries, the city continued to increase in prosperity, though often visited by terrible earthquakes, of which the most disastrous was that of the 28th October 1746, when 5000 of the inhabitants perished and the port of Callao was destroyed (see CALLAO, vol. iv. p. 107). On the 12th July 1821, after a siege of some months, Lima was entered by a Chilian force iinder General San Martin, who on the 28th was proclaimed protector of Peru as a free state, but its independence was not finally secured until after the victory of Ayacucho (9th December 1824). In March 1828 the city ngain suffered from an earthquake, and in 1854-55 the yellow fever carried off a great number of the inhabitants. On the llth of August 1857, Mr Sullivan, British minister to Peru, was assassinated. In November 1864 a congress of plenipotentiaries from Chili and other South American states was held here to concert measures of mutual defence. Of the various revolts which have during the last few years taken place at Lima may be mentioned that of November 1865, when President Pozet was displaced for Canseco ; the riots against religions toleration, 15th April 1867 ; and the military insurrection, 22d July 1872, when Gutierrez, minister of war, arbitrarily assumed power, had President Balta imprisoned and shot, but himself soon fell a victim to the popular fury; order being afterwards with difficulty restored by Vice-President Zavallos. In consequence of the ill-success of the war with Chili, Lima towards the close of 1879 was again in an unsettled condition ; President Prado fled, and on the 22d Decem ber, after a sanguinary coup d etat, Pierola was proclaimed dictator. In April 1880 Callao was blockaded by Chilian war ships, and Lima had to be placed in a state of defence. On the 20th of Nov ember the Chilian army effected a landing at Pisco, a fortified place about 100 miles south of Lima, and, having afterwards advanced upon the capital, forcibly occupied it upon the 17th of January 1881. Sec Mariano F. Paz Soldan, fiiccionario gengrafao (sta-distico de! Pent. Lima, 1S77, p: 513-27; Mateo Puz Soklun and M. F. Puz Soldan. Geoyrafta del Pern, Piiris, 18C2, vi.l. i. pp. 2JIO-320 ; M. A. Fucntcs, Lima, cr Sketches of the Capital ff Peru, Historical, Statistical, Administrative, Ac., London, 1866; C. R. Mark- liam, Cmro . . . and Lima, London, 18.J6. For further information ns to the early history of Lima, see Lopez tie Gtimara, If iff. gen. de. lait Jnd. ; A. de Herrera, Hist. gen. de las Inil. Occid.: W. II. Prescott, Ifift. of the Conquest f&amp;gt;f Peru; F. f.c Xeres, Conquiftti del Peru; A. de Zarate, Hist. de. la Cong, del Peril; and J. de Ferrerus, Hi ft d Kfpayne (French translation by Ilermilly), .Paris, mi. (E. D.IJ.) LIMA, capital of Allen county, Ohio, U.S., on the Ottawa river, and at the intersection of four railway lines, 130 miles north of Cincinnati. It is pleasantly situated in a fine farming country, and has two large railway repairs shops, extensive car-works, and other smaller manufactories. The population in 1850 was 757; in 1860, 1989: in 1870, 4464; and in 1880, 7567. LIMBOBCH, PHILIP VAX (1633-1712), a prominent Remonstrant theologian, was bora June 19, 1633, at Amsterdam, where his father held a good position in the legal profession. He received his education at Utrecht, at Leyden, in his native city, and finally at Utrecht university, which he entered in 1652. In 1657 he became a Remonstrant pastor at Gouda, and in 1667 he was transferred to Amsterdam, where, in the following yBar, the office of professor of theology in the Remonstrant seminary was added to his pastoral charge. He died there on April 30, 1712. His most important work, Inslitutiones thcologix christianse, ad praxin pictatis ct promotioncm pads Christianas unice directx (Amsterdam, 1686, 5th ed. 1735), remains unrivalled as a full and clear exposition of the system of Episcopius and Curcellseus. The fourth edition (1715) included a posthumous &quot; Relatio historica de origine et progressu controversiarum in fcederato Belgio de prredestina- tione.&quot; Limborch also wrote, DC veritate rcligionis Christiana arnica collatio cum erudito Jud&o, Gouda, 1687 ; Historia Inquisi- tionis (1692), in four books prefixed to the &quot; Liber Sententiarum Inquisitionis Tolosanre &quot; (1307-1323), and Commcntarius in Ada Apostolorum ct in Epistolas ad Romanes ct ad Hcbrseos, Rotterdam, 1711. His editorial labours included the publication of vari ous works of his predecessors, and of Epistolee ecclesiastics prse,- stantium ac eruditorum virorum (Amsterdam, 1684), chiefly by Arminius, Uytenbogardus, Vorstius, Yossius, Grotius, Episcopius (his grand-uncle), and Barlseus ; they are of great value for the history of Arminianism. An English translation of the Thcologia, &quot;with improvements, from Wilkinson, Tillotson, Scott, and others,&quot; was published in the beginning of last century by W. Jones (A Complete System or Body of Divinity, loth Speculative and Prac tical, founded on Scripture and Reason, London, 1702); and a translation of the History of the Inquisition, by S. Chandler, with &quot;a large introduction concerning the rise and progress of perse cution and the real and pretended causes of it &quot; prefixed, appeared in 1731. LIMBURG, or LIMBOURG, one of the nine provinces of Belgium, is bounded on the N. and E. by Holland, on the S. by the province of Liege, and on the W. by those of Brabant and Antwerp ; the area is 932 square miles, with a population, in 1880, of 211,694. The surface is for the most part flat, but rising somewhat towards the south-east. Most of the province is included in the barren and marshy district of s.andy heath known as La Campine (Flem., Kempen). The Meuso, with a tolerably fertile valley, is its chief river. The soil is metalliferous ; the chief vegetable products are cereals, leguminous plant&quot;, flax, hemp, and beetroot ; and stock-breeding is largely carried on. In dustries are less developed in Limburg than in the rest of Belgium ; but the distilleries of the province are very con siderable and noted. Limburg is divided for administra tive purposes into three arrondissements, of which the capitals are Hasselt (population 11,500), Tongres (7600), and Maeseyck (4400). The last-named is the birthplace of Hubert and John van Eyck, the Flemish painters. One of the most interesting towns of the province is ST TrvOND (q.v.), thought to be the ancient Atitaticiim Oppidum, the oldest town in Belgium. Near Tongres is a mineral well, described by Pliny. The territory of Limburg was that of the Elitrones, whom the Romans exterminated, and was afterwards inhabited by the Tunyri and Taxandri. It was one of the first conquests of the invading Franks, who established themselves and proclaimed their first kings there. In the Middle Ages it constituted the county of Looz, holding of the bishop of Lie ge ; afterwards it became the duchy of Limburg, which was taken possession of in the 13th century by the dnke of Brabant. From the 12th to the end of the 18th century the duchy included only a small portion of the present province ; it extended eastward from the Meuse as far as to Aix-la-Chapelle, and southward to the Vesdre. In the 16th century Limburg remained in the possession of Spain, and it passed to Austria in 1713. After the treaty of Campo Forrnio (1797) it became a French department, Meuse-Inferieure, with Maestricht as capital. By the treaty of