Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 14.djvu/635

 L I G L I G 615 ing on Saturday, July 1, 1643; his &quot;Journal of the Proceedings of the Assembly of Divines from January 1, 1643 to December 31, 1644,&quot; now printed in the thirteenth volume of the 8vo edition of his Works, is a valuable historical source for the too brief period to which it relates. He was assiduous in his attendance from the first, and, though frequently standing almost or even quite alone, especially in the Erastian controversy, exercised a material influence on the result of the discussions of the Assembly. In 1643 Lightfoot published A Handful of Gleanings out of the Book of Exodus, dedicated to the inhabitants of Bartholomew Exchange, and in the same year he was made master of Catherine Hall by the parliamentary visitors of Cambridge, and also, on the recommendation of the Assembly, was promoted to the rectory of Much Munden in Hertfordshire ; both appointments he retained until his death. In 1644 was published in London the first instal ment of the laborious but never completed work of which the full title runs The Harmony of the Four Evangelists among themselves, and ivith the Old Testament, u ith an explanation of the chiefest difficulties Loth in Lan guage and Sense : Part I. From the beginning of the Gospels to the Baptism of our Saviour. The second part From the Baptism of our Saviour to the first Passover after followed in 1647, and the third From the first l^assover after our Saviour s Baptism to the second in 1650. On August 26, 1645, he again had the honour of preaching before the House of Commons on the day of their monthly fast; in the discourse, which was afterwards published (A Fast Sermon, on Rev. xx. 1, 2), after controverting as erroneous and false the doctrine of the Millenaries, he goes on to urge upon the parliament various practical suggestions for the repression with a strong hand of current blasphemies (&quot; I do hold it a truer point in divinity that crrans con- scieutia Uganda than ligat &quot;), for a thorough revision of the authorized version of the Scriptures, for the encourage ment of a learned ministry, and for a speedy settlement of the church. &quot;I rejoice to see what you have done in platforming classes and presbyteries, and I verily and cordially believe it is according to the pattern in the mount.&quot; In the same year appeared A Commentary upon the Acts of t/te Apostles, chronical and critical; the Difficulties of the text explained, and the times of tjie Story cast into annals. From the beginning of the Book to the end of the Twelfth Chapter. With a brief survey of t/te contemporary Story of the Jews and Romans (down to the third year of Claudius); and in 1647 he published The Harmony, Chronicle, and Order of the Old Testament, which was followed in 1655 by The Harmony, Chronicle, and Order of the New Testament, inscribed to Cromwell, with an epistle dedicatory to his highness s honourable council. In the last-named year Lightfoot, who in 1652 had commenced doctor of divinity, was chosen vice- chancellor of the university of Cambridge, but continued to reside by preference at Munden, in the rectory of which, as well as in the mastership of Catherine Hall, he was con firmed, through the influence of friends, at the Restoration. The remainder of his life was principally devoted to the production of the work by which his name now chiefly lives, the Horse Hebraicx et Talmudicse, in which the volume relating to Matthew appeared in 1658, that relat ing to Mark in 1663, and those relating to 1 Corinthians, John, and Luke, in 1664, 1671, and 1674 respectively. Towards the close of 1675, while travelling from Cambridge to Ely (where he had been collated by Sir Orlando Bridgman to a prebendal stall), he caught a severe cold, upon which, by an indiscretion in diet it is said, fever supervened ; falling afterwards into a lethargy which con tinued for about a fortnight, he died at Ely on December 6, 1675. The Horse Hebraicx et Talmudic& impensse in Ada Apostoloriim et in Ep. S. Pauli ad Romanos were published posthumously. The Works of Lightfoot were first edited, in 2 vols. fol., by Bright and Strype in 1684 ; the Opera Omnia, cura Tcxelii, appeared at Rotterdam in 1686 (2 vols. fol.), and again, edited by Leusden, at Franeker in 1699 (3 vols. fol.). A volume of Remains was published at London in 1700. The Hor. Hebr. ct Talm. were also edited in Latin by Carpzov (Leipsic, 1675-79), and again, in English, by Gandell (Oxford, 1859). The most complete edition is that of the Whole Works, in 13 vols. 8vo, edited by Pitman (London, 1822-25). It includes, besides the works already noticed, numerous sermons, letters, and miscellaneous writings ; and also The Temple, especially as it stood in the Days of our Saviour (Lon don, 1650). LIGHTHOUSE I. LIGHTHOUSE CONSTRUCTION. THE primary and most important consideration relating to the design and construction of a lighthouse tower which is to be built within the tide mark is the force of the waves which may be expected to assail it, and the directions and heights at which that force will act on the building. The great waves which are found in the open ocean cannot be generated in smaller seas, and, with a due regard to economy in construction, ought not therefore to be provided against. What is wanted is to ascertain in such shorter seas the height of waves in relation to the length of &quot; fetch &quot; in which they are generated, and next to determine their energy when on reaching the shore or a sunken rock, and so ceasing to be waves of oscillation, they enormously increase their destructive force by be coming waves of translation. Full information as to these points and as to the marine dynamometer an instru ment used for ascertaining the force of the waves on an exposed surface will be found in the article HARBOURS, to which the reader is referred. It is enough here to state that the law of increase in the height of waves was found by Mr T. Stevenson to be proportional to the square root of the distance from the wiudvard shore, and that the greatest force recorded on rocks exposed to the ocean was 3i tons per square foot. The relative forces of summer and winter gales were found to be as 1 to 3, and the vertical force, after acting on a curved sea wall, was eighty- four times greater than the horizontal force at a height of 23 feet above high water. The history of the ancient lighthouses is of so scanty a nature that we may pass at once to more modern works, commencing with Winstanley s Eddystone light. Winstanley s Eddystone Light. The Eddystone Rocks, I which lie about 14 miles off Plymouth, are fully exposed by Winstanley in four seasons. In 1698 it was finished nt ! a height of 80 feet and the light exhibited ; but in 1699, in consequence of damage by storms, the tower was j increased by an outer ring of masonry 4 feet thick, and ! rock. The height was increased to nearly 120 feet, and 20th November 1703 the tower was destroyed. In general i design as well as in details this work must be placed i the principles of uniformity of outer profile so as to present j great obstructions to the action of the waves. Rudyerd sEdJystone Tower. This work was commenced
 * to the south-western seas. The lighthouse was completed
 * made solid from the foundation to nearly 20 feet above the
 * completed in 1700. During the well-known hurricane of
 * among the vetanda of maritime engineering. For example,
 * in plan it was polygonal instead of circular. In his blind
 * devotion to ornamentation Winstanley violated throughout