Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 14.djvu/454

 434 L E L L E L shown from the Slate of Religion in the Ancient Heathen World. Discourses on various Subjects, with a Life prefixed, was published posthumously, 4 vols. 8vo, 1768-89 ; also a Life by Huddesford, 1772. LELEGES was the name applied to an early race or set of races around the ^Egean Archipelago. The name occurs in Leucadia, Acarnania, ^Etolia, Fhocis, Locris, Bceotia, Megara, Laconia, Elis, the islands of the ^Egean, the Troad, and Caria. It is hardly possible to suppose that a single race was to be found in so many widely separated localities. Herodotus identifies the Leleges with the Carians, saying that the ancient name of that race was Leleges, whereas Pausanias declares that the name Leleges was younger, and Athenseus makes the Leleges serfs of the Carians. Homer introduces both Leleges and Cariaus as distinct peoples in alliance with Troy. The former have a king Altes and a city Pedasus. Strabo counts the Leleges and the Carians different races, so intermingled that they were often identified. Both in Leucadia and in Laconia the story runs that the autochthonous inhabitants were the Leleges, whereas in Messenia the Leleges were an immigrant race who had founded Pylus. They were said to be the ancestors of the Taphians and Teleboans, two seafaring and piratic races. The only view as yet advanced which introduces any unity into these scattered notices is that of Curtius. According to him the name Leleges represents rather a stage in historical development than a single race. The name occurs always in the coast lands ; and in the early stage of Greek history, when the simple barbarous tribes of older stock were stimulated to the first beginnings of progress and civilization by the appearance of foreign mariners on their shore, the mixed race of immigrants and natives was called Leleges. It is the almost universal opinion that the whole of the vEgean coast lands were occupied by homogeneous tribes of Aryan stock ; on this view then the Leleges, i.e., as Strabo already maintained, the mixed people, represent one of the first stages of these original tribes in the path of civilization. Accounts which connect the Leleges with Egypt may be definitely rejected as fabulous. See Deimling, Lclcgcr; Curtius, Greek History, i. ; Time., i. 4; Iliad, x. 429; Strabo, pp. 321, 572, 680, &c. ; Herod., i. 171; Pausan., i. 39, 6 ; Athen.,vi. 271&. LELEWEL, JOACHIM (1786-1861), Polish historian, was born at Warsaw in 1786. His family came from Prussia in the early part of the 18th century; his grand father was appointed physician to the Polish king then reigning, and his father caused himself to be naturalized as a Polish citizen. The original form of the name appears to have been Loelheffel. From his earliest childhood the future historian showed his fondness for books. In the year 1807 we find him teacher in a school at Krzemieniec in Volhynia, and in 1814 professor of history at Vilna, a post which he quitted in 1820 for a four years discharge of the same office at the university of Warsaw, but returned to it in 1824. His lectures enjoyed great popularity, and the enthusiasm felt for him by the students is shown in the beautiful lines addressed to him by Mickiewicz. But this very circumstance made him obnoxious to the Russian Government, and at Vilna Novosiltzev was then all-power ful. Lelewel was removed from his professorship, and returned to Warsaw, where he was elected a deputy to the diet in 1829. He joined the revolutionary move ment with great enthusiasm, but was throughout deficient in energy, and, in fact, although the emperor Nicholas distinguished him as one of the most dangerous rebels, he did not appear to advantage as a man of action. On the suppression of the rebellion he made his way in disguise to Germany, and subsequently reached Paris in 1831. There, however, he was not allowed to stay long, as the Government of Louis Philippe ordered him to quit French territory in 1833 at the request of the Russian ambassador. The cause of this expulsion is said to have been his activity in writing revolutionary proclamations. He now repaired to Brussels, where he for a time lectured on history at the university, but was from some cause or other compelled to abandon his occupation. Lelewel spent several years in Brussels in great poverty, barely earning a scanty livelihood by his writings. He died in 1861 at Paris, whither he had removed a short time previously. Lelewel was an indefatigable man of letters. He was of a simple austere character, and of the strictest probity in short, of an antique type, one of the few men who have loved learning for its own sake. His literary activity was enormous, extending over the period from the &quot;Edda Skandinawska&quot; of 1807 to the Geographic dcs Aralcs, 2 vols., Paris, 1851. ]lany of his works are concerned with Polish history, yet he by no means confined himself to it. Thus he has written on the trade of Carthage, on Pytheas the early geographer, and on numismatics (La Kumismatiquc du Moycn Age, Paris, 1835, 2 vols. ; Etudes Numismatiqucs, Brussels, 1840). One of his most important publications wasZ Geographic du Moycn Age, Brussels, 1850-52, with an atlas of fifty plates entirely engraved by himself, for he rightly attached such importance to the accuracy of his maps that he would not allow them to be executed by any one else. His works on Polish history are monumental ; they have been collected into a series under the title Pol&fca, ddejc i rzcczy jcj rozpatrzyivane (Poland, her History and Affairs Surveyed), pub lished at Poseu, 1854-1868, in 20 vols. He had intended to have written a complete history of the country on an extensive scale, but never accomplished the task. His method is shoAvn in the little history of Poland, first published at Warsaw in Polish in 1823, under the title Dzieje Polski, arid afterwards almost rewritten in the Hisloirc dc Pologne, published at Paris in 2 vols. in 1844. Two other works on Polish history which may be especially mentioned are an edition of the &quot;Chronicle of Matthew of Cholewa&quot; and &quot;Ancient Memorials of Polish Legislation &quot; (Ksicgi usta iu polslcich i mazoiuicckich ). While employed in the university library of Warsawhe studied bibliography, and the fruits of his labours may be seen in his Bibliocjrajicznydi Ksiag du oje (A Couple of Books on Bibliography) 2 vols. 8vo, Vilna, 1823-26. The characteristics of Lelewel as an historian are great research and power to draw inferences from his facts ; his style is too often careless, and his narrative is not picturesque, but his expressions are frequently terse and incisive. He has left valuable materials for a just comprehension of his career in his autobiography (Adventures ichile Prosecuting licscarchcs and Inquiries on Poliih Matters). LELY, SIR PETER (1617-1680), a celebrated painter, was born at Soest, Westphalia, in 1617. His father, a military captain and a native of Holland, was originally called Van der Vaes ; the nickname of Le Lys or Lely, by which he was generally known, was adopted by his son as a proper surname. After studying for two years under Peter de Grebber, an artist of some note at Haarlem, Lely, induced by the patronage of Charles I. for the fine arts, removed to England in 1641. There he at first painted historical subjects and landscape ; and he soon became so eminent in his profession as to be employed by Charles to paint his portrait shortly after the death of Vandyck. He afterwards portrayed Cromwell. At the restoration his genius and gentlemanly manners won the favour of Charles IT., who made him his state-painter, and afterwards knighted him. He formed a famous collection, the best of his time, containing drawings, prints, and paintings by the best masters ; it sold by auction for no less than .26,000. His great example, however, was Vandyck, whom, in some of his most successful pieces, he almost rivals. Lely s paint ings are carefully finished, warm and clear in colouring, and animated in design. The graceful posture of the heads, the delicate rounding of the hands, and the broad folds of the draperies are admired in many of his portraits. The eyes of the ladies are drowsy with languid sentiment, and allegory of a commonplace sort is too freely introduced. His most famous work is a collection of portraits of the ladies of the court of Charles II., preserved at Hampton Court, and known by the title of the Windsor Beauties. Of his few historical pictures, the best is Susannah and the Elders, at Burleigh House. His Jupiter and Europa, in