Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 14.djvu/248

 L A M L A M the following year an unsuccessful attempt was made to arrange a marriage between her and Louis XV. She then retired from the court ; but, having accidentally made the acquaintance of Marie-Antoinette, she was after the acces sion of Louis XVI. appointed by the queen superintendent of the royal household, and enjoyed her closest intimacy and friendship. In 1792 she shared for a week her imprisonment in the Temple, but on the 19th August she was transferred to La Force, an:l, having refused the oath against the monarchy, she was on September 3d delivered over to the fury of the populace, after which her head was placed on a pike and carried before the windows of the imprisoned queen. See Lescure, La Frincesse de Lambattc, 1869 ; and Fassy, Louise de Savoie-Carigtian, Princesse de Lamballe, et la Prison de La Force, 1863. LAMBERT, JOHANN HEINRICH (1728-1777), physicist and mathematician, was born at Mulhausen, Alsace, August 29, 1728. He was the son of a tailor; and the slight elementary instruction he obtained at the small free school of his native town was supplemented altogether by his own private reading. Having cultivated a good style of penmanship, he became book-keeper at Montbeliard ironworks, and subsequently (1745) secretary to Professor Iselin, the editor of a newspaper at Basel, who three years later recommended him as private tutor to the family of President A. von Salis of Coire. Coming thus into virtual possession of a good library, Lambert had peculiar oppor tunities for improving himself in his literary and scientific .studies. In 1759, after completing with his pupils a bngthened tour of two years duration through Gottingen, Utrecht, Paris, Marseilles, and Turin, he resigned his Uitorship and settled at Augsburg. Munich, Erlangen, Coire, and Leipsic became for brief successive inter vals his home. Finally in 1764 he removed to Berlin, where he received many favours at the hand of Frederick, was elected a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences, and ultimately (1774| undertook the editing of the astronomical almanac. On September 25, 1777, he died of consumption, the natural result of a life spent in excessive application to all kinds of mental labour. Seventeen hours duly were devoted by him to reading and writing; and, as might have been expected in the case of one who wrote so much, many of his numerous publications are of little permanent interest. Not a few, however, are very valu able, and show him to have been a man of original and active mind with a singular facility in applying mathematics to practical questions. Lambert s most important work, Pyromctrie (Berlin, 1779), is a systematic treatise on heat, containing the records and full discus sion of many of his own experiments. Worthy of special notice also are Photometria, Augsburg, 1760 ; Insigniorcs orbitaz Oome- iarum proprictahs, Augsburg, 1761 ; and Beitrage zum Gcbrauche der Mathematik und deren Anwendung, 4 vols., Berlin, 1765-72. The Memoirs of the Berlin Academy from 1761 to 1784 contain many of his papers, which treat of such subjects as resistance of fluids, magnetism, comets, probabilities, the problem of three bodies, meteorology, &c. In the Ada Helvetica (1752-60) and in the Nova Ada Erudita (1763-69) several of his contributions appear. In Bode s Jahrbuch (1776-80) he discusses nutation, aberration of light, Saturn s rings, and comets ; in the Nova Ada Helvetica (1787) he has a long paper &quot; Sur le Son des Corps Elastiques&quot;; in Bernoulli and Hindenburg s Magazin (1787-88) he treats of the roots of equations and of parallel lines ; and in Hindenburg s Archives (1798-99) he writes on optics and perspective. Many of these pieces were found among his effects after his death, and pub- 1 ished posthumously. Recognized as among the first mathematicians of his day, he was also widely known for the universality and depth of his philological and philosophies! 1 knowledge. The most valuable of his logical and philosophical memoirs were published collectively in 2 vols., 1782. See Huber s Lambert nach seinem Leben und Wirken. LAMBERT, JOHN (1619-1694), was born in 1619 at Oalton Hall in the parish of Kirkby Malham, in the West Hiding of Yorkshire. His family was of ancient lineage, and long settled in the county. He studied at the Inns of Court, but without making the law his profession. In 1640 he married Frances, daughter of Sir William Lister. He was present at the great meeting of the Yorkshire gentry on Heyworth Moor (3d June 1642), and in September was appointed a captain of horse under Lieutenant-Colonel Fairfax. He did good service at the siege of Hull (llth October 1642), at Bradford (5th March 1644), and at the important engagement at Selby (10th April 1644). At Marston Moor (2d July 1644) he commanded part of Sir Thomas Fairfax s cavalry on the right wing. He was sent into York to arrange terms for the surrender of the city, which took place July 16, 1644. When the &quot; New Model &quot; army was formed in the beginning of 1645, Colonel Lambert was appointed commissary- general of the army in the north. He beat the royalists at Keighley and Ferrybridge, and took several strong places. He followed Fairfax s campaign in the west of England in 1646, and was a commissioner with Cromwell and others for the surrender of Oxford in the same year. When the quarrel between the army and the parliament began, Lambert threw himself warmly into the army s cause. He is said by Clarendon to have assisted Ireton in drawing up the several addresses and remonstrances issued by the army, both men having had some experience in the law, and being &quot; of a subtle and working brain.&quot; In August 1647 Lambert was sent as major-general by Fairfax to take charge of the forces in the northern counties. His wise and just managing of affairs in those parts is com mended by Whitelocke. He displayed personal courage in suppressing a mutiny among his troops, kept strict disci pline, and showed much diligence in hunting down the moss troopers who infested the moorland country. When the Scotch army under the marquis of Hamilton invaded England in the summer of 1648, Lambert was obliged to retreat till Cromwell came up from Wales, and joining him destroyed the Scotch army in three days lighting from Preston to Warrington. Lambert pressed Hamilton with the cavalry, and took him prisoner at Uttoxeter, a few days after the battle. He then marched back into Scotland, where he was left in charge of the troops. In December 1648 he sat down before Pontefract Castle, which held out till March 1649. Lambert was thus absent from London at the time of the violence put upon the parliament by Colonel Pride, and the other meisures which led to the king s death. Cromwell, when appointed to the command of the war in Scotland (26th July 1650), took Lambert with him as major-general. He was wounded at Musselburgh, but was with Cromwell at Dunbar on the 2d of September, when the soldiers begged that Lambert might lead them the next day, and Cromwell willingly gave his consent. He defeated the &quot; Protesters &quot; or &quot; Western Whigs &quot; at Hamil ton, on the 1st of December 1650. In the following July lie was sent over into Fife to get a position in the rear and flank of the Scotch army near Falkirk, and force them to decisive action by cutting off their supplies from Perth. A battle fought at Inverkeithing, with heavy loss to the Scots, in which Lambert behaved with great gallantry, gave him the position he required, and he improved it by taking Inchgarvie and Burntisland. Charles now (as Lambert had foreseen) made for England. Lambert with the cavalry was ordered to harass his march down the western shires, while Cromwell followed through Yorkshire and the Mid lands. In the action at Warrington Bridge Lambert again distinguished himself by his personal courage, and at Wor cester also (3d September 1651), where he commanded the forces on the eastern bank of the Severn, and had his horso shot under him. Parliament now conferred on him a grant of lands in Scotland worth 1000 per annum.