Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 14.djvu/166

154 50 s to the south. There are two distinct s in Kuku Khoto, at an interval of a  and a half; the one is the seat of the   and is surrounded by the , and the other is the seat of the  , and stands in the open country. In the first or old more especially there are strong traces of western tic influence; the  are not in the  style, being built all round with  or  and having flat roofs, while a large number of the people are still, and, there is little doubt, descended from western settlers. The at the same time is a great seat of ,—the  containing, it is said, no less than 20,000. As the southern terminus of the routes across the of  from  and the, Kuku Khoto has a large , ing , , and d goods, and ing the raw products of. A  and a   are maintained in the.

Early notices of Kuku Khoto will be found in Gerbillon (–), in Du Halde (vol. ii., English edition), and in Astley’s Collection (vol. iv.). Recent travellers who have visited it are Elias (Journ. Roy. Geog. Soc., ) and Peftsoff.

 KULDJA, the name of two s in the of the in, situated about 25 s apart.

I., the present of the Kuldja territory, restored to by  in, otherwise known as  Kulja, Nin Yuan, or Kuren, lies about   to the north of the , in 43° 58′ N.  and 81° 25′ E.  The   is nearly , each side being about a  in length; and the  are not only 30  high but broad enough on the top to serve as a  drive. Two broad cut the enclosed area into four nearly equal sections. Since a  suburb has been laid out on a wide scale. The of Kuldja are almost all - and flat-roofed, and except in the special  quarter in the eastern end of the  it is only a few public  that show the influence of. Of these the most noteworthy are the and  s, both with turned up roofs, and the latter with a -looking. The is mainly, and there are only two  s. A small    has maintained its existence through all the vicissitudes of modern times. and are d with rude appliances in the. The outskirts are richly with, , , and. Schuyler estimated the, which includes , , , , , and , at 10,000 in ; it has since increased.

II., Kuldja, or Ila, which lies lower down the on the same side of the stream, has been a pile of ruins whitened with bleaching  since the terrible massacre of all its inhabitants by the insurgent  in. It was previously the seat of the  for the, with a large  establishment and strong ; its  was about 70,000.

See Schuyler, Turkistan,, ; Dilke in Proc. Roy. Geog. Soc., ; Ujfalvy in Tour du Monde, ; E. D. Morgan in Proc. Roy. Geog. Soc., ; and ,.

 KULLU, a and subdivision of district,,, situated between 31° 20′ and 32° 26′ N. , and 76° 58′ and 77° 50′ E.  It is bounded on the N. by the central , on the S. by the  , on the S.W. by the  or ,  , and the  of  and , and on the W. by  s. The , which joins the  at , divides the tract into two portions, Kullu Proper and Sioráj. Kullu Proper, north of the, together with , forms a great or depression in the midst of the , having the narrow  of the  at  as the only outlet for its. North and east the and  rise to a mean elevation of 18,000, while southward the  and  ridges attain a height of 11,000. The greater portion of Kullu must thus ever remain an utter wilderness. The higher stand 9000  above the ; and even the  tracts have probably an average elevation of 5000. The consist of four-storied  in little groups, huddled closely together on the ledges or slopes of the s, picturesquely built with projecting  and. The, which, with its tributaries, drains the entire , rises at the crest of the Rohtang Pass, 13,326 above the , and has an average fall of 125  per. Its course presents a succession of magnificent scenery, including, , precipitous cliffs, and clad with  of , towering above the tiers of  on the lower y ledges. Great wealth exists, but the difficulty of  and labour will probably always prevent its proper development. occur at three localities, much resorted to as places of.

The of disclosed a of 90,313, spread over an area of 1926 — numbering 90,206;, 100; and, 7. The character of the men resembles that of most other eers in its mixture of simplicity, independence, and superstition. an still prevails in, but has almost died out elsewhere. The s are dedicated rather to local than to the greater  of the. Out of a total of 799,834, only 32,884 are returned as actually under. The staple spring include, , , , and ; the autumn  are , , , and. has recently been introduced into the. ,, , , , and are ed. s are almost unknown. The is not. Intermittent s and complaints are endemic, while  of virulent contagious  and  break out from time to time. and also occur. The average  ranges from 45 to 50. The mean in  is 78° ., in  55°.

 KULM (in, Chelmo), chief of a circle in the district of, , is situated on the high  of the , about 24 s north-west of. It is regularly, and contains an old-fashioned , a , a , and a cadets’ institution founded in by  It carries on  in  and has some. The in  was 9628.

Kulm gives name to the oldest in, although the resides at. It was taken about by  of. pledged it in to the, from whom it passed by the second peace of  in  to ; and it was annexed to  in. It joined the, and used to carry on very extensive s of. The battle of Kulm, won 30,, over the  by the  and , took place at the  of Kulm in , about 3 s north-east of.

 KULMBACH, or, a in the administrative district of, , is picturesquely situated on the , and on the - line of the , about 11 s north-west from , in 50° 6′ N. , 11° 28′ E. The town has several   and a large  , but is chiefly famed for its many extensive , the latest returns showing an  production of 4,115,637 s of , of which 3,719,478 s were ed. On an eminence near the stands the former  of Plassenburg, which during the  and  was the residence of the s of -Kulmbach. It was dismantled in, and is now used as a. The in   was officially estimated at 6000.