Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/864

 830 K A L K A L collection. The inhabitants of Kalocsa and its wide- spreading communal lands are for the most part employed in the cultivation of the vine, fruit, flax, hemp, and cereals, in the capture of water-fowl, and in fishing. The population in 1880 amounted to 15,770, chiefly Magyars by nation ality and Eoman Catholics by creed. Kalocsa is one of the oldest towns in Hungary. The present archbishopric is a development of a bishopric said to have been founded in the year 1000 by King Stephen the Saint. The town was once well fortified, and of far greater relative importance than at present. It suffered nrach during the 16th century from the desolat ing hordes of Ottomans who then ravaged the country. Kalocsa is much resorted to as an ecclesiastical centre. KALPI, or CULPEE, a town in Jalaun district, North- Western Provinces, India, situated on the right bank of the Jumna, 26 7 30&quot; N. lat., 79 47 15&quot; E. long. Population (1872), 15,570, viz., 11,414 Hindus and 4156 Mahometans. It was founded, according to tradition, by Basdeo or Vasudeva, who ruled at Kambai from 330 to 400 A.D. In 1196 it fell to Kutb-ud-din, the viceroy of Muhammad Ghori, and during the subsequent Mahometan period it played a large part in the annals of this part of India. About the middle of the last century it fell into the hands of the Marhattas. It was captured by the British in the campaign of 1803, and since 1806 has remained in British possession. In May 1858 Sir Hugh Rose (Lord Strathnairn) defeated there a large force of about 10,000 rebels under the rani of JhansL Kalpi was formerly a place of far greater importance than at present. It had a mint for copper coinage in the reign of Akbar ; and the East India Company made it one of their principal stations for providing the &quot;commercial investment.&quot; A bridge of boats on the Jhansi and Cawnpur road crosses the river during the summer months. Cotton and grain are exported to Cawnpur, Mirzapur, and Calcutta ; and paper and sugar candy are manufactured. KALUGA, a central government of European Russia, surrounded by those of Moscow, Smolensk, Orel (Orloff), and Tula. The area is estimated at 25,594 square. miles, or according to the maps of the Kaluga surveying office 27,407. For the most part the surface is flat, and the culminating point of the government is a hill in the northern district of Meduin, 910 feet in height. In the north-west there is a considerable tract of peat-bog. The Oka, a main tributary of the Volga, and its confluents (the Zhizdra, the Ugra, &c.), drain all but a strip of country in the west, which is traversed by the Bolva, an affluent of the Dnieper. Strata of Carboniferous Limestone prevail except in the north, where Jurassic rocks take their place. The coal though common enough is of poor quality, and has been comparatively little worked. Clays from the southern districts are employed in the glass-works of Kaluga and the surrounding governments. Iron-ore is obtained in considerable abundance between the left-hand feeders of the Bolva and the upper course of the Zhizdra. According to the reports of the statistical committee for 1880 (Pam- yatnaya, Knizhka, 1881) about 1,246,874 acres were covered with forest (pines, firs, birches), large tracts more especially existing in the Zhizdra district; 20,000 acres consisted of marsh land, 903,580 acres were under tillage, and 2,201,208 were devoted to pasturage. The soil in most parts of the government is composed of sand or clay ; and it is only in certain portions of the districts of Peremuishl, Kozelsk, and Meshtchovsk that the famous &quot;black earth&quot; is found. Agriculture is in a comparatively low state in Kaluga, requiring a great increase in the outlay of capital, and especially the keeping of more live stock for the fattening of the soil. Rye and oats are the principal crops, but the production is less than the local demand. Buckwheat, potatoes, flax, and hemp are also grown. Manufacturing industries are on the increase, the clotli and cotton factories employing upwards of 2000 men, the iron-works more than 6000, the paper-mills about 1300, and the match-works more than 1500. The breeding of canaries, which are sent to all parts of Russia, was a source of livelihood to 350 persons in 1880. Railway lines from Moscow to Orel, from Moscow to Smolensk, and from Smolensk to Orel enclose the government in a triangle, but none of them touch its territory. By means, how ever, of the navigable streams, a good deal of traffic is carried on. The government is divided into eleven districts (iiyezd): Kaluga, Mosalsk, Meshtchovsk, Likhvin, Kozelsk, Zhizdra, Peremuishl, Meduin, Borovsk, Maloyaroslavets, and Tarusa. The following are the towns of more than 5000 inhabitants, according to the returns for 1870 : Kaluga, 38,600; Zhizdra, 11,700; Borovsk, 9500; Meduin, 7800; Kozelsk, 7350; Sukhinitchi, 6050; Meshtchovsk, 5450; Maloyaroslavets, 5150. The government had a population of 1,114,372 in 1880. KALUGA, the chief town of the above government, is situated 475 feet above the sea-level on the left bank of the Oka, at the confluence of the Yatchenka, 114 miles south-west of Moscow, in 54 31 N&quot;. lat. and 36 6 E. long. Among the public buildings may be mentioned the cathedral of the Trinity (rebuilt in the present century in room of an older edifice dating from 1687), two monastic establishments, a male and a female gymnasium, an eccle siastical seminary (with 219 students in 1879), an infant asylum, an orphanage, a public hospital, a lunatic asylum, a hospital for incurables, and a house of correction. The principal articles of production are leather, oil, bast mats, wax candles, starch, and a particular kind of cake known in Russia by the name of the town. This last item alone counts for more than 1,000,000 roubles (156,000) per annum in the local trade. Situated as it is on a navigable river, and at the junction of important roads, Kaluga is naturally the centre of no small commercial activity. Even in the beginning of the century its merchants and manufactures were known in Leipsic, Bremen, and Dantzic. Including the suburban villages of Yainskaya and Podsavalya the town had 36,880 inhabitants in 1870. The first historical mention of Kaluga occurs in 1389, when Demetrius of the Don assigned it to his son ; and its final in corporation with the principality of Moscow belongs to the year 1518. In 1607 it was held by the pretender Bolotnikoff, and vainly besieged for four months by the forces of Slmiski ; but in 1619 it fell into the hands of the Zaporogian hetman. Nor was it from war alone that Kaluga suffered. Two thirds of its inhabitants were carried off by a plague ; and in 1622 the whole place was laid waste by a conflagration. It recovered, however, and, in spite of several extensive conflagrations (especially in 1742 and 1754) has continued to flourish. The rank of chief town of a province was obtained ill 1719. In 1734 the population numbered 13,788, and by 1785 had increased to 17,078. On several occasions Kaluga has been chosen as the residence of political prisoners ; among others, the famous Schamyl (see Eusskaya Starina, 1877) spent his exile there. KALVARIYA, (i.e., Calvary), a district town in the government of Suvalki in Russian Poland, on the right bank of the Shelupa, 40 miles south-west of Kovno. It carries on a considerable trade, and manufactures needles, linen, flannel, leather, and combs. The inhabitants, of whom more than two-thirds are Jews, amounted to 9400 in 1867, and to 10,200 in 1870. KALW, or CALW, chief town of a circle in the govern ment district of Schwarzwald, Wiirtemberg, is situated on the Xagold, about 34 miles south-west of Stuttgart by rail. It is the seat of local, civil, and criminal courts, and of a chamber of commerce ; and it contains a high school, a commerfcial gymnasium, and a missionary institution. The industries include a large variety of spinning and weaving operations in wool and cotton. Carpets, cigars, and wool- combs are also manufactured. The timber trade, chiefly carried on with the Netherlands, is important. The pre valence of malaria renders the valley of the Nagold unhealthy. The population in 1875 was 4642. The name of Kalw emerges as early as 1037. In the Middle Ages the town was under the dominion of an ancient and powerful family of counts, whose possessions finally passed to Wiirtemberg in 1345. In 1634 the town was taken by the Bavarians, and iu 1692 by the French.