Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/863

 K A L K A L 829 He wrote three plays, the plots of which all bear a general re semblance to each other, inasmuch as they consist of love intrigues, which, after numerous and seemingly insurmountable impediments of a similar nature, are ultimately brought to a successful conclusion. Of these, (Jak untold is that which has always justly enjoyed the greatest fame and popularity. The unqualified praise bestowed upon it by Goethe sufficiently guarantees its poetic merit. There are two recensions of the text in India, the Bengali and the Devana- gari, the latter being generally considered older and purer. Qakuntald was first translated into English by Sir William Jones (Calcutta, 1789), who used the Bengali recension. It was soon after translated into German by G. Forster (1791), and by Herder in 1803. An edition of the Sanskrit original, with French translation, was pub lished by Chezy at Paris in 1830. This formed the basis of a trans lation by Hirzel (Zurich, 1830). Another edition of the Bengali recension was published by Prema Chandra (Calcutta, 1860) for the use of European students. The Devanagari recension was first edited by Bohtlingk (Bonn, 1842), with a German translation. On this were based the successive German translations of Meyer (Tubingen, 1851) and Lobedanz (2d ed., Leipsic, 1861). The same recension has been edited by Dr C. Burkhard with a Sanskrit-Latin vocabulary and short Prakrit grammar (Breslau, 1872), and by Professor Monier Williams (Oxford, 2d ed., 1872). Another edition was published at Bombay in 1861. The Vikramorvaqt, or Urvaft u~on by Valour, abounds with finfi lyrical passages, and is of all Indian dramas second only to fakuntahi in poetic beauty. It was edited by Lenz (Bonn, 1833) and trans lated into German by Hofer (Berlin, 1837), by Hirzel (1838), and by Lobedanz (Leipsic, 1861). The best edition is by Bolleusen ( Petersburg, 1845). There is also an English edition by Monier Williams, a metrical and prose version by the late Professor H. H. Wilson, and a literal prose translation by Professor E. B. Cowe ll (1851). The third play, entitled Mdlavikdgnimitra, has considerable poetical and dramatic merit, but is confessedly inferior to the other tvo. It possesses the advantage, however, that its hero Agnimitra and its heroine Malavika are more ordinary and human characters than those of the other plays. It was edited by Dr Tullberg at Bonn, 1840, and more correctly by Shankar P. Pandit, with English notes, in 1869, and ably translated into German by Professor Weber in 1856. Two epic poems are also attributed to Kalidasa. The longer of these is entitled Eaghuvan$a, the subject of which is the same as that of the lidmdyana, viz., the history of Rama, but beginning with a long account of his ancestors, the ancient rulers of Ayodhya (edited by Stenzler, London, 1832). The other epic is the Kumd- rasambhava, the theme of which is the birth of Kumara, otherwise called Karttikeya or Skanda, god of war (edited by Stenzler, London, 1838, and by the Rev. K. M. Banerjea, 3d ed., Calcutta, 1872). Though containing many fine passages, it is tame as a whole. His lyrical poems are the Alcgliaduta and the HUusamhdra. The Meghadtila, or the Cloud-Messenger, describes the complaint of an exiled lover, and the message he sends to his wife by a cloud. It is full of deep feeling, and abounds with fine descriptions of the beauties of nature. It was edited with free English translation by H. H. Wilson (Calcutta, 1813), and by Gildemeister (Bonn, 1841) ; a German adaptation by M. Miiller appeared at Konigsberg (1847), and one by Schmitz at Bielefeld (1859). It was edited by Johnson, with vocabulary and Wilson s metrical translation (London, 1867). The liitusamhdra, or Collection of the Seasons, is a short poem, of less importance, on the six seasons of the year. There is an edition by Bohlen, with prose Latin and metrical German translation (Leipsic, 1840). Another poem, entitled the Nalodaya, or Rise of Nala, edited by Beriary (Berlin, 1830) and by Yates (Calcutta, 1844), which is a treatment of the story of Nala and Damayanti, but describes especially the restoration of Nala to prosperity and power, has been ascribed to the celebrated Kalidasa, but was probably written by another poet of the same name. It is full of most absurd verbal conceits and metrical extravagances. So many poems, partly of a very different stamp, are attributed to Kalidasa that it is scarcely possible to avoid the necessity of assuming the existence of more authors than one of that name. It is by no means improbable that there were three pacts thus named ; indeed modern native astronomers are so convinced of the existence of a triad of authors of this name that they apply the term Kalidasa to designate the number three. (A. A. M.) KALINGA, or CALINGA, one of the nine kingdoms of southern India in ancient times. Its exact limits varied, but included the eastern Madras coast, from Pulicat to Chicacole, running inland from the Bay of Bengal to the Eastern Ghats. The name at one time had a wider and vaguer meaning, comprehending Orissa, and possibly extending to the Ganges valley The Kalinga of Pliny certainly included Orissa, but latterly it seems to have been confined to the Telugu speaking country ; and in the time of Hwen Tsang (630 A.D.) it was distinguished on the south and west from Andhra, and on the north from Odra or Orissa. The language of the country is Telugu. Taranatha, the Tibetan historian, speaks of Kalinga as one division of the country of Telinga. Hwen Tsang speaks of Kalinga (&quot; Kie-ling-kia&quot;) having its capital at what may now be identified with the site either of Rajamahendri (Rajahmundry) or Coringa. Both these towns, as well as Sinhapur, Kalingapatam, and Chicacole, share the honour of having been the chief cities of Kalinga at different periods. KALINGAPATAM, or CALINGAPATAM, a town and port in Ganjam district, Madras, situated at the mouth of the Vamsadhara river, 18 20 20&quot; K lat, 84 9 .50&quot; E. long. Population (1871), 4676. It was the capital of the ancient Hindu kingdom of Kalinga, and one of the early seats of the Mahometan power in the Telugu country. Signs of its ancient greatness are still visible in the ruins of many mosques and other large buildings. The place is again rising in importance as a harbour, being the only safe roadstead along 400 miles of coast, and now a regular port of call for steamers. The value of the imports in 1875-76 was 16,400 ; of the exports, chiefly rice, seeds, and sugar, 62,800. Kalingapatam yields a salt revenue to Government of from 40,000 to 50,000 a year. KALISH (Polish, Kalisz), the chief town of a govern ment of the same name in Russian Poland, is situated in 51 46 N. lat. and 17 7 E. long., 135 miles due west of Warsaw on the banks of the Prosna, which there forms the boundary of Prussia. It is one of the oldest and finest cities of Poland, is the seat of a Roman Catholic bishop, and possesses a castle, a gymnasium, a teachers institute, a theatre, and a large public park. The industrial estab lishments comprise a brewery, cloth factories, a ribbon factory, and tanneries. In 1871 the population amounted to 18,088, of whom more than 8000 were Jews. Kalish is identified with the Calisia of Ptolemy, and its antiquity is indicated by the abundance of coins and other objects of ancient art which have been discovered on the site, as well as by the nume rous grave mounds existing in the neighbourhood. In modern times it has been the scene of the decisive victory of Augustus the Strong over the Swedish general Mardefeld on 29th October 1706, of several minor conflicts in 1813, and of the friendly meeting of the Russian and the Prussian troops in 1835, in memory of which an iron obelisk was erected in the town by Nicholas I. in 1841. The treaty of 1813 between Russia and Prussia is dated from Kalish. KALITVENSKAYA, a stanitsa or camp-village in the country of the Don Cossacks, on the left bank of the Donetz, 81 miles east of Novotcherkassk. The name is well known in southern Russia through the excellent building material obtained from the sandstone quarries of the neighbourhood. The population increased from about 1500 in 1860 to 12,700 in 1872. KALNA, or CULNA, a town in Bardwan district/Bengal, India, situated on the right bank of the Bhagirathl river, 23 13 20&quot; N. lat., 88 24 30&quot; E. long. It is an im portant river-side market town, with an extensive trade. The population in 1872 amounted to 27,336, 22,463 of them Hindus. KALOCSA, a town of Hungary, and capital of the former county of Solt (now included in the county of Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kis-Kun), is situated in a marshy but highly productive district, 3 miles distant from a steam-packet station on the left bank of the Danube, and about 69 miles south of Budapest, 46 31 N. lat., 18 58 E. long Kalocsa is the see of the second of the four Roman Catholic archbishops of Hungary, and has a fine cathedral, a semi nary for priests, a Roman Catholic (Jesuit) gymnasium, an observatory, and an archiepiscopal palace (formerly a for tress) containing a library of 80,000 volumes and a botanical