Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/817

 J U R J U R 783 in the Swiss Confederation. It was Charles the Bold s defeats at Grandson and Morat which led to the annexa tion by the Confederates of these portions of Savoyard territory. See E. F. Bcrlioux, Le Jura, Paris, 1880 ; Adolplic Joanne, Jura ct Alpes Franqaises, Paris, 1877 ; Id,, Geographies Departe- mentalcs (the Doubs, Jura, and Am volumes) ; Charles Sauria, Lc Jura pittorcsquc. (W. A. B. C.) JURA, an eastern frontier department of France, formed of the southern portion of the old province of Franche- Comte, owes its name to the offshoots and plateaus of the Jura mountains, which occupy more than half its area. It is bounded N. by Doubs, Haute-Saone, and Cote-d Or ; E. by Doubs, Ain, and Switzerland ; S. by Ain ; and W. by Saone-et-Loire and Cote d Or. Lying between 46 15 and 47 17 N. lat., and between 5 15 39&quot; and 6 8 9&quot; E. long., its greatest length from north to south is 143 miles, and its greatest breadth from east to west 83 miles. The department is divided by a not very broad zone of hills into a region of plain in the north and north-west, and a region of mountains in the south-east, increasing in height towards the Swiss frontier. The highest summit is Noir Mont (50S5 feet). Jura belongs almost entirely to the basin of the Rhone, its chief streams being the Oignon, Doubs, and Seille, affluents of the Saone, and the Ain and Valserine, direct tributaries of the Rhone. The Doubs and Ain are navigable. There are numerous lakes ; those of Rousses, Chalin, Chambly, and of the abbey of Grandvaux are noteworthy. The climate is, on the whole, cold ; the temperature is subject to sudden and violent changes, and among the mountains winter lingers for nearly six months. The plain called the Bresse is rich in fruit trees, and in fields of wheat, rye, maize, and buckwheat ; the hill-region grows vines, barley, oats, maize, rape, walnuts, and fruits ; the mountains, which exhibit some of the grandest scenery of leaping torrent and silent tarn, are covered with forests or pastures. Jura is one of the most thickly wooded departments of France ; a third of its surface is covered with forests, of which that of Chaux, with an area of about 75 square miles, is the largest. The commonest trees are oaks, beeches, hornbeams, aspens, birches, box-trees, and firs. Wolves and foxes are numerous in Jura; wild boars and deer lurk in the forests. The principal minerals are iron, salt, limestone, marble, sandstone, millstone, and clay. Peats are very abundant. Agriculture employs about three-fourths of the inhabitants, though the manufactures extend to wine, cheese (made in the mountain dairies), watches, files, stationery, toys and fancy wooden-ware, machinery, candles, porcelain, basket-work, &c. ; while some industry is maintained in wool-spinning, silk-weaving, and in brass, pottery, and tanning works. The trade is mainly in wines, cheese, and wooden goods. The first are full-bodied, stout, and rather coarse-flavoured ; their chief market is Paris, where they form the basis of the vin ordinaire of the wine-shops. The department of Jura embraces the arrondissements of Lons-le-Saunier, Dole, Poligny, and St Claude, with 32 cantons and 583 com munes. Lons-le-Saunier is the chief town. The total area is about 1928 square miles; the population in 1866 was 298,477; in 1876, 288,823. JURA, an island of the inner Hebrides, on the west coast of Argyllshire, Scotland, the fourth largest of the group, is situated between 55 52 and 56 9 N. lat., and 5 43 and 6 8 W. long. On the north it is separated from the island of Scarba by the whirlpool of Corry- vreckan, on the east from the mainland by Jura Sound, which is 10 miles broad, and on the south and south west from Islay by Islay Sound. The area is about 160 square miles, the greatest length about 27 miles, and the breadth about 6. A chain of rugged hills, rising into eminences called the Paps of Jura, the highest summit of which is 2500 feet, traverses the whole extent of the island, interrupted only by Tarbert Loch, an arm of the sea, which forms an indentation into the island of nearly 6 miles, and almost cuts it in two. Jura derived its name, meaning &quot;deer island,&quot; from the red deer which abounded on it. On the pasturage a considerable number of black cattle are raised; and some corn and potatoes are cultivated along the eastern shore. Fishing is pro secuted to a small extent. The population, which in 1851 was 1064, was 781 in 1881. JURIEU, PIEKRE (1637-1713), a French Protestant theologian, was born in 1637 at Mer, in Orldanais, where his father was a Protestant pastor. He studied at Saumur and afterwards at Sedan under his maternal grandfather the famed theologian Pierre Dumoulin, who died about the time that Jurieu left Sedan. After completing his studies in England under his maternal uncle Dumoulin, Jurieu received episcopal ordination there, and returning to France succeeded his father as pastor of the church at Mer. In 1674 he accepted the chair of theology and Hebrew at Sedan, where he soon afterwards became also pastor. Both as preacher and professor he obtained a very high reputa tion, but much of the legitimate influence of his talents was destroyed by the extreme warmth of his controversial temper, which frequently developed into an irritated fanaticism verging on insanity. On ths suppression of the university of Sedan in 1681, Jurieu received an in vitation to a church at Rouen, but, dreading persecution on account of a work he was about to publish, entitled La Politiqne du Clerge de France, he went to Holland and became soon after pastor of the Walloon church of Rotterdam, an office which he occupied till his death, llth January 1713. Deeply pained by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes Jurieu turned for consolation to the prophecies of the Apocalypse, and succeeded in persuading himself that the overthrow of Antichrist would take place in 1689, and afterwards, when that year had passed without the fulfil ment of the prophecy, in 1715. Jurieu defended the doctrines of Protestantism with great ability against the attacks of Arnauld and Bossuet, but was equally ready to enter into dispute with his fellow Protestant divines when their opinions differed from his own even on minor matters. The bitterness and persistency of his attacks on his col league Bayle led to the latter being deprived of his chair in 1693. In his favour it must, however, be mentioned that he was actuated in his controversies not by a mean jealousy of his opponents but by a sincere anxiety for truth. One of the most important works of Jurieu is Lettres Pastorales adressees aux Fideles de France, 3 vols., Rotterdam, 1686 and 1687, which found its way into France notwithstanding the vigilance of the police, and produced a deep impression on the Protestant population. Besides his numerous other controversial writings, which deal with nearly every topic in regard to which difference of opinion was possible, Jurieu was the author of a Traite de la Devotion, Rouen, 1679. JURISPRUDENCE. See LAW. JURY. The essential features of trial by jury as practised in England and countries influenced by English ideas are the following. The jury are a body of laymen selected by lot to ascertain, under the guidance of a judge, the truth in questions of fact arising either in a civil litigation or in a criminal process. They are generally twelve in number, and their verdict, as a general rule, must be unanimous. Their province is strictly limited to questions of fact, and within that province they are still further restricted to the exclusive consideration of matters that have been proved by evidence in the course of the