Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/808

 774 N J U N June llth, St Barnabas; June 24th, Midsummer Day (Nativity of St John the Baptist); and June 29th, St Peter. JUNG, JOHANN HEINRICH (1740-1817), best known by his assumed name of HEINRICH STILLING, charcoal-burner, tailor, village schoolmaster, oculist, professor of political science, and mystic, was born in the village of Grand in the duchy of Nassau on the 12th September 1740. His father, Wilhelm Jung, schoolmaster and tailor, was the son of Eberhard Jung, charcoal-burner, and his mother was Dortchen or Dorothy Moritz, daughter of a poor clergyman. In the best of his books Stilling gives a charming descrip tion of the patriarchal simplicity of his home, and draws the portrait of his grandfather especially with a loving and skilful hand. Stilling became, by his father s desire, school master and tailor, but &quot; to be always sitting at the needle and making clothes for people was highly repugnant to me,&quot; and &quot; to be everlastingly instructing boys and girls in ABC&quot; was equally wearisome. Severe home discipline made Stilling glad to accept an appointment as school master in a neighbouring village, where, however, he taught not with pleasure but from a sense of duty. He afterwards became tutor in the family of a merchant, and in 1768 went with &quot; half a French dollar,&quot; as he himself tells us, to study medicine at the university of Strasburg. What he wanted in money he possessed in confidence in Divine aid ; and in after life he was wont to refute sceptical adversaries by recounting the many occasions on which his prayers were answered byprovidential messengers, for so he regarded them, who in the most unexpected way provided him with the money necessary not only for his studies but for his very existence. At Strasburg he met Goethe, who showed him much kindness, and introduced him to Herder. The acquaintance with Goethe ripened into friendship ; and it was by his influence that Stilling s first and best work, The Account of his Youth, was in 1777 given to the world. In 1772 he settled at Elberfeld as physician and oculist, and soon became celebrated for operations in cases of cataract. Surgery, however, was not much more to his taste than tailoring or teaching; and in 1778 he was glad to accept the appointment of lecturer on &quot; agriculture, technology, commerce, and the veterinary art&quot; (!) in the newly established academy at Kaiserslautern. In 1784 the academy was transferred to Heidelberg and united with the university. In 1786, on the occasion of the anniversary of the fourth centenary of Heidelberg univer sity, Stilling created immense enthusiasm by delivering his speech, the last of the day, in German. The other professors had used Latin. In 1787 Stilling was appointed professor of economical, financial, and statistical science in the university of Marburg. In 1803 he resigned his pro fessorship and returned to Heidelberg, where he remained with no official appointment until 1806. In that year he received a pension from the grand-duke Charles Frederick of Baden, and removed to Carlsruhe, where he remained until his death on the 2d April 1817. He was married three times, and left a numerous family. Of his engage ment to his first wife he tells a most amusing story in his autobiography. Of his works this autobiography Heinrich Stillinrjs Leben, from which he came to be known as Stilling, is the only one now of any interest, and, with the supple ment by his son-in law Dr Schwarz, is the chief authority for his life. A believer in dreams and apparitions, he was superstitions rather than mystical. His piety was fervent, but not austere ; and his chief delight was in seeing others happy. Modest and affable, he endeared himself to all who came in contact with him. He hated nothing except sects, which, he says, are due merely to pride under the mask of piety. He numbered among his many friends Goethe and Kant and Lavater, the first of whom pays him high tribute in the second part of Aus melnem Leben. A complete edition of liis numerous works, in 14 vols. 8vo, was published at Stuttgart in 1835-38. There are English translations by Sam. Jackson of the Leben, London, 1835, and of the Thcoric dcr Gcisterkunde, London, 1834, and New York, 1851 ; and of Theobald, or the Fanatic, a religious romance, by the Rev. Sam. Schaell er, Philadelphia, 1846. JUNIPER. The junipers, of which there are about twenty-five species, are evergreen bushy shrubs or low columnar trees, with a more or less aromatic odour, inhabit ing the whole of the cold and temperate northern hemi sphere, but attaining their maximum development in the temperate zone in North America and Europe. The leaves are usually articulated at the base, spreading, sharp-pointed, and needle-like in form, destitute of oil-glands, and arranged in alternating whorls of three; but in some the leaves are minute and scale-like, closely adhering to the branches, the apex only free, and furnished with an oil-gland on the back. Sometimes the same plant produces both kinds of leaves on different branches, or the young plants produce acicular leaves, while those of the older plants are squamiform. The male and female flowers are usually produced on separate plants ; the occurrence of both on the same plant is rare. The male flowers are developed at the ends of short lateral branches, are rounded or oblong in form, and consist of several antheriferous scales in two or three rows, each scale bearing three or six almost spherical pollen-sacks on its under side. The female flower is a small bud-like cone situated at the apex of a small branch, and consists of two or three whorls of two or three scales. The scales of the upper or middle series each produce one lateral ovule. The mature cone is fleshy, with the succulent scales fused together and forming the fruit-like structure known to the older botanists as the galbulus, or berry of the juniper. The berries are red or purple in colour, varying in size from that of a pea to a nut. They differ considerably from the cones of other members of the order Conifer x, to which the junipers belong. The seeds are usually three in number, sometimes fewer (1), rarely more (8), and have the surface near the middle or base marked with large glands containing oil. The genus occurs in a fossil state, four species having been described from rocks of Tertiary age. Bentham and Hooker divide the genus into three sec tions, viz., Sabina, Ozycedrus, and Caryocedrus. Juniperus Sabina is the savin, an irregularly spreading much-branched shrub with scale-like glandular leaves, and emitting a disagreeable odour when bruised. The flesh and dried tops of savin are official in the British and United States pharmacopoeias. The plant is poisonous, acting as a powerful local and general stimulant, diaphoretic, emmen- agogue and anthelmintic ; it is employed both internally and externally. Juniperus bermudiana, a tree about 40 or 50 feet in height, yields a fragrant red wood, which was used for the manufacture of &quot;cedar&quot; pencils. The tree is now very scarce in Bermuda, and the &quot; red cedar,&quot; Juniperus virginiana, of North America is employed instead for pencils and cigar boxes. The red cedar is abundant in some parts of the United States, and in
 * Virginia is a tree 50 feet in height. It is very widely dis

tributed from the great lakes to Florida and round the Gulf of Mexico, and extends as far west as the Rocky Mountains. The wood is applied to many uses in the I United States. The fine red fragrant heart- wood takes a high polish, and is much used in cabinet work and inlay ing, but the small size of the planks prevents its more extended use. The tops of the young branches are official in the United States pharmacopoeia. The galls produced at the ends of the branches have also been used in medicine, and the wood yields cedar-camphor and oil of cedar wood.