Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/789

 J U J V 755 sition, made him a great, international medium for the trans fusion of ideas. He stood between Scotland and France and Germany and France ; and, though his expositions are vitiated by loose reading of the philosophers he interpreted, he did serviceable, even memorable work. JOURDAIN, ALFOXSE, count of Toulouse, son of Count Raymond IV. by his third wife, Elvire de Castile, was born in 1103, in the castle of Mont-Pelerin, Tripoli. His f ither died when he was two years old, and he remained under the guardianship of the count of Cerdagrie until he was five. He was then taken to Europe, and his brother gave him Rouergue ; in his tenth year he succeeded to the government of ISTarbonne, Toulouse, and Provence, but Toulouse was taken from him by the duke of Aquitaine while he was still in his minority. After the duke s death the inhabitants of Toulouse revolted and recalled Jourdain ; he returned in triumph in 1123. He, however, drew upon himself a sentence of excommunication by his treatment of the religious community of St Gilles, which had pre viously thrown in its influence on the side of the duke of Aquitaine, He had next to fight for the sovereignty of Provence against Raymond Beranger III., and not till September 1125 did the war end in an amicable agreement. Under it Jourdain became absolute master of the regions lying between the Pyrenees and the Alps, Auvergne and the sea. His ascendency was an unmixed good to the country, for during a period of fourteen years art and industry were successfully prosecuted. Louis VII., for some reason which has not appeared, besieged Toulouse in 1141, but without result. Next year Jourdain again incurred the displeasure of the church by siding with the rebels of Montpellier against their lord. A second time he was excommunicated. But his isolation from Rome did not suit his taste or policy ; so in the autumn of 1144 he took the cross at the meeting of Ve&quot;zelay called by Louis VII,, and three years later he embarked for the East. He lingered on the way in Italy, and probably in Constan tinople ; but in 1148 he had arrived at Acre. Among his companions he had made enemies, and lie was destined to take no share in the crusade he had joined. He was poisoned at Acre before hostilities commenced, either the wife of Louis or the mother of the king of Jerusalem suggesting the draught. JOUVENET, JEAN (1 647-1717), born at Rouen in 1647, came of a family of painters, one of whom had had the honour of teaching Poussin. He early showed remarkable aptitude for his profession, and, on arriving in Paris, attracted the attention of Le Brun, by whom he was employed at Versailles, and under whose auspices, in 1675, he became a member of the Royal Academy, of which lie was elected professor in 1681, and one of the four perpetual rectors in 1707. The great mass of works that he exe cuted, chiefly in Paris, many of which, including his cele brated Miraculous Draught of Fishes (engraved by Audran ; also Landon, Annales, i. p. 42), are now in the Louvre, show his fertility in invention and execution, and also that he possessed in a high degree that general dignity of arrangement and style which distinguished the school of Le Brun. Jouvenet died on April 5, 1717, having been forced by paralysis during the last four years of his life to work with his left hand. See Mem. Ined. Acad. Roy. de P. et de 8c., 1854, and D Argenville, Vies des Peintres. JOVELLANOS, or JOVE LLANOS, GASPAR MELCHOR DE (1744-1811), statesman and author, was born at Gijon in Asturias, Spain, January 5, 1744. Selecting law as his profession, he studied at Oviedo, Avila, and Alcala, and in 1767 became criminal judge at Seville. His integrity and ability were rewarded in 1778 by a judgeship in Madrid, and in 1780 by appointment to the council of military orders. In the capital Jovellanos took a good place in the literary and scientific societies ; for the society of Friends of the Country he wrote in 1787 his most valuable work, Informe sobre im proyecto de Ley Afjraria. Involved in the disgrace of his friend, the brilliant French adventurer Cabarrus, Jovellanos spent the years 1790 to 1797 in a sort of banishment at Gijon, engaged in literary work and in founding the Asturian institution for agricul tural, industrial, social, and educational reform throughout his native province. This institution continued his darling project up to the latest hours of his life. Summoned again to public life in 1797, Jovellanos refused the post of ambassador to Russia, but accepted that of minister of grace and justice, under &quot;the Prince of the Peace,&quot; whose attention had been directed to him by Cabarrus, then a favourite of Godoy. Displeased with Godoy s policy and conduct, Jovellanos combined with his colleague Saavedra to procure his dismissal. They were but tem porarily successful; Godoy returned to power in 1798; &amp;lt;Jovellanos was again sent to Gijon, but in 1801 was thrown into prison in Majorca. The revolution of 1808, and the advance of the French into Spain, set him once more at liberty. Joseph Bonaparte, on mounting the Spanish throne, made Jovellanos the most brilliant offers ; but the latter, sternly refusing them all, joined the patriotic party, becama a member of the central junta, and contributed to reorganize the cortes. This accomplished, the junta at once fell under suspicion, and Jovellanos was involved in its fall. To expose the conduct of the cartes, and to defend the junta and himself were the last labours of his pen. In 1811 he was enthusiastically welcomed to Gijon ; but the approach of the French drove him forth again. The vessel in which he sailed was compelled by stress of weather to put in at Vega in Asturias, where, on November 27, 1811, Jovellanos died. The poetical works of Jovellanos comprise a tragedy El Pclayo, the comedy El Dclincucnte Honrado, satires, and miscellaneous pieces, including a translation of the first book of Paradise Lost. His prose works, especially those on political and legislative economy, con stitute his real title to literary fame. In them depth of thought and clear-sighted sagacity are couched in a certain Ciceronian elegance and classical purity of style. Besides the Ley agraria he wrote Elogios various political and other essays ; and Mcmorias Politicas, 1801, suppressed in Spain, and translated into French, 1825. An edition of his complete works was published at Madrid, 1831-32, in 7 vols., and another at Barcelona, 1839. See Noticias fiistoricas tie Don G. M. de Jovellanos, Pulma, 1812, and Memonaa para la vida del Setter. . . Jovellanos, by J. A. C. Bermudez, Madrid, 1814, both reviewed in the Foreign Quarterly Review, No. x. JOVIANUS, FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS, Roman emperor from June 27, 363, to February 17, 364, was the son of the brave general Varronianus, and was bom at Singidunum in Moesia about 332. As captain of the guard (primus ordinis domeslicoruni) he accompanied Julian in his Persian expedition ; and on the day after that emperor s death, when the aged Sallust declined the purple, the voices of the army beyond the Tigris were united in Jovian s favour. It was perhaps the absence of any very invidious ability, no less than his father s reputation, that set Jovian on the throne. The new emperor s first care was to con tinue the retreat begun by Julian ; and he had with diffi culty reached the rapid and well-nigh unpassable Tigris, when overtures of peace were made by the Persian king Sapor II., who had not ceased to harass the Roman march. Jovianus was not in a position to command easy terms ; the famished and exhausted state of his army compelled his assent to a humiliating treaty, which gave up to the Persians the provinces of Arzanene, Corduene, Mexoene, Rehimene, and Zabdicene, which had been conquered by Galerius in 297, and Nisibis and other cities. From this time the Greek and Christian influence dates its decline in the trans-Euphrates regions. Jovian was anxious to reach Constantinople in order to establish his power; but the