Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/770

 736 M J O N Manufactures of various kinds, especially of iron and steel, barbed fence wire, agricultural implements and machinery, paper, boots and shoes, cut stone, draining tiles, and sewer pipes, are extensively carried on. The coal-fields of Wilmington, Morris, and Streator are within a few miles of the city. Quarries of good building stone, and deposits of fireclay, sand, and cement gravel abound in the neigh bourhood. Joilet is an important railroad centre, from which large quantities of manufactured articles, grain, cattle, and hogs are despatched daily. Population in 1880, 11,659. JOMINI, HENRY, BARON (1779-1869), general in the French and afterwards in the Russian service, and writer on military tactics, was born 6th March 1779 atPayerne in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland, where his father held the dignity of magistrate. At an early period he showed a marked preference for a military life, but at first he was ; disappointed of his hopes by the dissolution of the Swiss regiments of France at the Revolution. For some years he acted as clerk in a banking house in Paris, until the out- j break of the Swiss revolution, when he returned to his native country, and at the early age of nineteen was appointed chief secretary of war. At the peace of Luneville in 1801 he returned to Paris and introduced himself to Marshal ; N&quot;cy, who made him his aide-de-camp and private secretary. In 1804 he published Traite des grandes operations mili- taires, which in 1805 he presented to Napoleon on the field of Austerlitz as the work of a young Swiss officer. A few days afterwards he was named colonel, and appointed first aide-de-camp to Marshal Ney. In 1806 he published a treatise on the probabilities of the war with Prussia, the ability of which so impressed Napoleon that he resolved to attach him to his person. He was present with Napoleon at the battle of Jena, but afterwards joined Ney, and afforded him important assistance in delivering his army from a very perilous situation. After the peace of Tilsit he was made chief of the staff to Ney, and created a baron. In the Spanish campaign of 1808 his skilful advice contributed in no small degree to the victories of Ney, but on account of that general s jealousy he resigned his commission, and he ; was entering into negotiations with the emperor of Russia, when Napoleon, learning his intention, compelled him to remain in the French service with the rank of brigadier- general. On his refusal to take part in the Russian | campaign, Napoleon named him governor of Wilna ; but j during the retreat from Moscow he at once placed his strategic skill and knowledge of the country at the service of France, and, having after the battle of Liitzen obtained i his old office under Marshal Ney, he suggested the happy manoeuvre which led to the victory of Bautzen. Finding, however, that the road to promotion was closed against him, he again offered his services to Russia. They were accepted, and he obtained the rank of lieutenant-general | and was named aide-de-camp to the emperor. He gave ; the important assistance of his counsel to the allied I armies during the German campaign, but declined to take ! part in the passage of the Rhine and the invasion of France in 1814. In 1817 he returned to Paris, where he : published Principes de la strattgie, 3 vols., 1818 ; Histoire of Russia, and in the Turkish campaign of 1828 his sagaci ous advice led to the capitulation of Varna. Afterwards lie was employed in organizing the military academy at St Petersburg and in superintending the military studies of the czarowitz, for the use of whom he wrote Tableau analytique des principales combinaisons de la guerre, the new and improved edition of which was named Precis de V -rt de la guerre. During the later period of his life Jomini resided at Brussels, but he afterwards returned to Paris, where he died March 24, 1869. Although Jomini played a secondary and unobtrusive part in the great military events of his time, the military triumphs of France were in no inconsiderable degree due to his masterly counsels ; and doubtless, had circumstances conspired to grant him the opportunity of playing a practical and in dependent role, he would have achieved for himself a place among tbe greatest generals of his country. His delinea tions of the campaigns of Napoleon are the ablest military account of these great wars, and Lis exposition of the laws of tactics and strategy have achieved for him European fame. See Ferdinand Lecomte, Le General Jomini, sa vie et scs ecrits, 1861 ; and Le General Jomini, by Sainte-Beuve, 1869. JOMMELLI, NiccoLd (1714-1774), a famous Italian composer of the last century, was born at Aversa near Naples, September 11, 1714, and received his musical edu cation at two of the famous music schools of that capital, being at first a pupil of Durante at the Conservatorio di San Onofrio, and subsequently studying composition under Leo at La Pieta dei Turchini. His first opera, L Errore Amoroso, was produced when Jommelli was only twenty- three, at Naples, and so timid was the young composer that he prefixed a pseudonym to his work. The result, how ever, was favourable beyond all expectation, and encouraged Jommelli to continue his career as a dramatic composer. Three years afterwards he went to Rome to produce two new operas, and thence to Bologna, where he became acquainted with and profited by the advice of Padre Martini, the greatest contrapuntist of his age. In the meantime Jommelli s fame began to spread beyond the limits of his country, and in 1745 he went for the first time to Vienna, where one of his finest operas, Didone, was produced. Three years later he returned to Italy, and in 1754 he obtained the post of chapel-master to the music-loving duke of Wiirtemberg at Stuttgart, which city he made his home for a number of years. Here he considerably modified his style in accordance with German taste, so much so that, when after an absence of fifteen years he returned to Naples, his countrymen hissed two of his operas off the stage. He retired in consequence to his native village, and only occa sionally emerged from his solitude to take part in the musical life of the capital. His last composition was a Miserere written a few weeks before his death, which took place at Naples, August 28, 1774. In the last-named work, as well as in his other church compositions, Jommelli proves himself to be a musician of earnest purpose and sound scholarship. In his operatic music he follows essentially the style of his age, being intent on writing effective pieces for the voice rather than upon expressing the feelings and passions of the characters ; but even here he betrays a certain elevation of sentiment not always to be found amongst the composers of the latter half of the 18th century. His best dramatic work is generally supposed to be Armida, one of the operas scorned by the Neapolitans in 1771. JONAH. The Book of Jonah is so named from the principal personage of the narrative, only mentioned elsewhere in 2 Kings xiv. 25. Jonah there appears as a native of Zebulun, and a contemporary of Jeroboam II. (8th century B.C.). If the book of Jonah were written then, it has a claim to rank as the oldest of the prophetic writings (Joel being in all probability of post-exile origin). The problems connected with this little book are, however, so great that HO judicious critic would think of admitting such a date as proved. The problems are twofold : (1) was the book written at one jet? and (2) is it to be under stood as a history, or as an allegorical tale, and, if the latter, is [., or i.r, it not, based at all upon tradition, or upo.: a