Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/728

 694 j I T J A in a determined and even autocratic manner, the haughty and turbulent Castilian nobility and the jealous intriguing Flemish councillors of Charles combined to render his position peculiarly difficult ; while the evils consequent upon the unlimited demands of Charles for money threw much undeserved odium upon the regent. In violation of the laws, Jimenes acceded to Charles s desire to be pro claimed king; he secured the person of Charles s younger brother Ferdinand ; he fixed the seat of the cortes at Madrid ; and he established a standing army by drilling the citizens of the great towns. Immediately on Ferdi nand s death, Adrian, dean of Louvain, afterwards pope, produced a commission from Charles appointing him regent. Jimenes admitted him to a nominal equality, but took care that neither he nor the subsequent commis sioners of Charles ever had any real share of the power. In September 1517 Charles landed in the province of Asturia?, and Jimenes hastened to meet him. On the way, however, he fell ill, not without a suspicion of poison. While thus feeble, he received a letter from Charles coldly thanking him for his services, and giving him leave to retire to his diocese. A few hours after this virtual dis missal, which some, however, say the cardinal never saw, Francisco Jimenes died at Roa, November 8, 1517. Jimenes was a bold and determined statesman. Sternly and inflexibly, with a confidence that became at times overbearing, he carried through what he had decided to be right, with as little regard for the convenience of others as for his own. In the midst of a corrupt clergy his morals were irreproachable. lie was liberal to all, and founded and maintained very many benevolent institutions in his diocese. His whole time was devoted either to the state or to religion ; his only recreation was in theological or schola stic discussion. Perhaps one of the most noteworthy points about the cardinal is the advanced period of life at which he entered upon the stage where he was to play such leading parts. Whether his abrupt change from the secular to the regular clergy was the fervid outcome of religious enthusiasm or the far-seeing move of a wily schemer has been disputed ; but the constant austerity of his life, his unvarying superiority to small personal aims, are arguments for the former alternative that are not to be met by merely pointing to the actual honours and power he at last attained. His services to learning and literature have yet to be noted. In 1500 was founded, and in 1508 was opened the university of Alcala de Henares, which, fostered by Cardinal Jimenes, at whose sole expense it was raised, attained a great pitch of outward magnificence and internal worth. At one time 7000 students met within its walls. In 1836 the university was removed to Madrid, and the costly buildings were left vacant. In the hopes of supplant ing the romances generally found in the hands of the 3 r oung, Jimenes caused to be published religious treatises by him self and others. He revived also the Mozarabic liturgy, and endowed a chapel at Toledo, in which it was to be used. But his most famous literary service was the print ing at Alcala (in Latin Complutumi) of the Complutensian Polyglott, the first edition of the Christian Scriptures in the original text. 1 1 In tliis work, on which he is said to have expended half a million of ducats, the cardinal was aided by the celebrated Stunica (D. Lopez de Zuiiiga), the Greek scholar Nunez de Guzman (Pincianus), the Hebraist Vcrgara, and the humanist Nebrija, by a Cretan Greek Demetrius Ducas, and by three Jewish converts, of whom Zamora edited the Targum to the Pentateuch. The other Targums are not included. In the Old Testament Jerome s version stands between the Greek and Hebrew. The synagogue and the Eastern Church, as the preface expresses it, are set like the thieves on this side and on that, with Jesus (that is, the P&amp;gt;oman Church) in the midst. The text occupies five volumes, and a sixth contains a Hebrew lexicon, &c. The work commenced in 1502. The New Testament was finished in January 1514, and the whole in April 1517. It was dedicated to Leo X., The work by Alvaro Gomez de Castro, DC Rebus Gcstis Francisci Ximenii (folio, 1659, Alcala), is the quarry whence have come the materials for biographies of Jimenes in Spanish by Robles (1604) and Quintanilla (1633) ; in French by Baudier (1635), Marsollier (1684), Flechier (1694), and Richard (1704) ; in German by Hefcle (1844, translated into English by Canon Dalton, 1860) and Have- maim (1848) ;. and in English by Barrett (1813). See also Prescott s Ferdinand and Isabella ; Revue des Deux Mondcs, May 1841 ; and Mt/n. dc T Acad. d hist. de Madrid, vol. iv. JITOMIR, See ZHITOMIR. JOACHIM (c. 1145-1202), abbot of Floris, has a place of considerable prominence in the category of those mystics who, like St Hildegard or the abbess Elizabeth, on behalf of a sounder morality protested in prophetic denunciation against the many and gross abuses connected with the ecclesiasticism which prevailed in Europe towards the close of the 12th century. The few details of his life that can be given are neither very precise nor quite trustworthy ; but it appears that he was born about 1145 at a village in the neighbourhood of Cosenza, and that when a youth he had attended the Sicilian court ; afterwards he made a pilgrimage to Palestine, arid, having (whether previously or subsequently to his return is not stated) become a monk, he ultimately attained to the dignity of abbot of the monastery of Corace in Calabria (onwards from 1178). Here his studies in prophecy and apocalyptic brought him into great repute, and successive popes Lucius III., Urban III., and Clement III. manifested an interest in them. The last-named especially, in the first year of his pontificate (1188), urged Joachim to the completion of his commentary on the Apocalypse and also of his Concordia utriusque Testamenti. Soon afterwards the abbot, accom panied by a friend named Rainerius, leaving Corace in search of a more solitary life, set up among the lonely hills of Syloe near Cosenza a new establishment, named &quot; Sancti Joanuis in Flori,&quot; for which he drew up a new and stringent rule, afterwards sanctioned (in 1196) by Celestine III. From this cloister ultimately sprang a whole congregation, the so-called &quot; Ordo Florensis.&quot; The only work pub lished during his lifetime was the Concordia, which had been duly submitted to the judgment of the Holy See ; and before his death (which occurred between September 1201 and June 1202) he left in writing a memorandum with reference to his other compositions, the Expositio in Apocalypsin, the Psalterium decem chordarum, Contra Judseos, and Contra cathol. fidei adversaries, intimating his desire and intention that these should also be subject to the same censorship. His study of apocalyptic prophecy had resulted in the construc tion of an elaborate scheme of the past and future course of the divine kingdom which is ts interesting as it is curious. He distin guished three stages or ages of the world corresponding to the three persons of the Trinity, the three conditions of married persons, clergy, and monks, the three periods of the Old Testament, the New Testament, and the final dispensation. The advent of the last of these periods, that of the Holy Spirit, the &quot;spiritualis intelligentia,&quot; proceeding from the Old and New Tsstaments, lie regarded as imminent. It was to be the period of perfect freedom from the letter, of monastic contemplation, adoration, and jubilation, and of the widest possible diffusion of the gospel (even to the Jews) ; but it was to be preceded by fearful judgments, in which Antichrist should become manifest. He regarded the Church of Rome as having been typified by the kingdom of Judah, while the Eastern Church corresponded to that of Israel. The way in which he worked out this analogy gave him scope for pointing out the manifold errors and corruptions into which he believed the Church of the West to have fallen, yet in no spirit of hostility to u hat organization as such. His eschatology found great currency and much acceptance amongst the stricter members of the Franciscan order, the &quot; Zelatores&quot; as they were called, and gradually gave rise to a cognate literature more manifestly opposed to Rome and whose permission to publish was so tardy that the book did not come before the public till 1522. The MSS. on which the Hebrew text was based are still at Madrid ; the history of those used for the New. Testament has long been a problem, but the story that they were sold to a fireworks maker appears to be a fable. See Delitzsch s unfinished studies on the subject (London, 1872, and Leipsic, 1878).