Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/641

 J E B J E F 613 manufacture of cast-iron tools, agricultural implements, 53rges, &c. ; and a trade in spirits, wines, cereals, and oil seeds is carried on. The population in 1876 was 6309. St Jean d Angely (Angeriacum] owes its origin to Pippin the Short, who founded a monastery on the spot about 768. The report that the head of John the Baptist was deposited there attracted crowds of pilgrims, for whose accommodation a town gradually grew up. In 1572 the duke of Anjou captured it from the Huguenots ; but they retook it soon after. Its fortifications vcre razed under Louis XIII. JEBEIL, JUBEIL, or DJEBA.IL, an ancient town of Syria, h pleasantly situated on a slight eminence near the sea, about 20 miles north of Beyrout. It is surrounded by a wall, a mile and a half in circumference, with square towers at; the angles, which along with the old castle at the south-east corner are attributed to the crusaders. In the gardens and vineyards that surround the town lie ivimerous broken granite columns, these, with the number of ruined houses within the walls, testifying to its former importance. The stele of Jehawmelek, king of Gebal, found here is one of the most important of Phoenician monuments. 1 The small port is almost choked &amp;lt; up with sind and ruins. The place has dwindled to a village of some 600 inhabitants. Jebeil is the Phoenician Gebal and the By bios of the Greeks. Its inhabitants were renowned as stone-cutters (1 Kings v. 18, margin) and as shipbuilders (Ezekiel xxvii. 9) ; while Arrian (ii. 20, 1) represents Enylus, king of Byblos, as joining Alexander with a fleet, after that monarch had captured the city. Philo of Byblos makes it the most ancient city of Phoenicia, founded by Kronos, i.e., the Moloch (Melek) who appears from the stele of Jehawmelek to have been with Baaltis (^33 n?JD) the chief deity of the city. Baaltis on this stele has the characteristics of Isis-Hathor. Com pare the legend that the ark with the corpse of Osiris was cast ashore at Byblos, and there found by Isis (Plut., Mor., 357). The orgies of Adonis in the temple of Baaltis (Aphrodite Byblia) are described by Pseudo-Lucian, Ds Dea Syr., cap. vi. The river Adonis is the Ibrahim river, which flows near the town. The crusaders, after failing before it in 1099, captured &quot;Giblet&quot; in 1103, but lost it again to Saladin in 1189. Under Mahometan rule it has gradually decayed. See Renan, Miss, de PJien. ; Movers, Phonizier, ii. 1, 107: Badeker-Socin s Handbook. JEDBURGH, a royal and parliamentary burgh of Scot land, the county town of Roxburghshire, is situated on the river Jed, a tributary of the Teviot, 49 miles south-east of Edinburgh, and 10 miles north of the English border. The town consists mainly of four well-paved streets diverg ing at right angles from the central market-square. Next to the abbey in point of historical interest is Queen Mary s house, where she resided for some time in 1566. The county prison occupies the site of the ancient castle of Jed- burgh, destroyed in 1409. The abbey, one of the grandest ecclesiastical ruins in Scotland, was founded in 1118 by Prince David, afterwards David I., for the reception of certain Austin canons from St Quentin s at Beauvais. The nave, un exquisite example of the transition from Norman to Early English, measures 133^ feet by 59| feet. With tha exception of the north piers and a small portion of the wall above, which are Norman, the whole of the tower, 30 feet square and 86 feet high, belongs to the end of the loth century. In the choir there is some very early Norman work ; the south chapel of the choir affords good specimens of the Decorated period. The total length of the magnificent pile, reduced to ruins by the conflicts of which Jedburgh was so often the scene, is 235 feet, Jeclburgh, one of the first Scottish towns to take up the woollen manufacture (its first mill began in 1728), at present has five factories, employing 200 hands, and producing goods chiefly tweeds to the annual value of about 70,000. The burgh unites with Haddington, Dun mr, North Berwick, and Lauder in returning a mem ber to parliament. The population in 1881 was 3400. 1 See the recent discussions by Enting (Z.D.M.G., 1876), Halevy, (Journ. As., 1879), and Ganneau (At. d Arch. Or., i., 1880). Jedburgh, the final form of a name of which eighty-two variations have been collected, does not appear before the 15th century ; Jed- worth, still lingering among the lower ranks as Jethart, is much more ancient ; Ecgml, bishop of Lindisfarne (830-838), gifted that see with the village and lands of Geddewrd. Before the end of the 11 tli century the village had become a burgh ; and under David I. (11-24-1153) it was a royal residence, and the chief town of the Middle Marches. The town received a charter from Robert I., and another in 1566 from Mary. During the troublous times on the borders in the Middle Ages, Jedburgh was an important place, and often experienced the disastrous effects of fire and sword. The phrase &quot;Jethart Justice,&quot; meaning hanging a man and trying him afterwards, has passed into a proverb. JEFFERSON, THOMAS (1743-1826), the third presi dent of the United States, and the most conspicuous apostle of Democracy in America, was born April 2, 1743, at Shadwell, Albemarle county, in the State of Virginia, a region of which his father Peter Jefferson, an obscure and unlettered planter, was the third or fourth settler. - At the early age of five years Thomas was sent to an English school, and from that time until he finished his studies at William and Mary s College in 1762 appears to have enjoyed superior educational advantages, and to have turned them all to good account. He carried with him from college, at nineteen, a tolerably thorough reading knowledge of the Latin, Greek, and French languages, to which he added a familiarity with the higher mathematics and natural sciences only possessed at his age by men who have, as he had, a rare natural faculty for the prosecution of those studies. Soon after leaving college he entered the law office of Mr George Wythe, then at the head of the Virginia bar, and withal, Jefferson being judge, &quot;the best Latin and Greek scholar in the State.&quot; In Mr Wythe he found a &quot; faithful and beloved mentor in youth and most affectionate friend through life.&quot; In 1767, after five years close application to the study of his profession, he was admitted to the bar. The death of his father in 1757 left Thomas, who was the eldest son, heir to the estate on which he was born, and v^hich yielded him an income of about 400 a year, a sum in those days sufficient to gratify all his tastes, and to give him, as he matured, the position of an independent country gentleman. At the time of his admission to the bar he is described by his contemporaries as 6 feet 2 inches in height, slim, erect as an arrow, with angular features, a very ruddy complexion, an extremely delicate skin, full deep-set hazel eyes, and sandy hair, an expert musician (the violin being his favourite instrument), a good dancer, a dashing rider, and a proficient in all manly exercises. He was, and continued through life, frank, earnest, cordial, and sympathetic in his manner, full of confidence in men, and sanguine in his views of life. Though mostly known to fame as a statesman, Jefferson s success as a lawyer showed that the bar had no rewards which were not fairly within his reach. He had sixty-eight cases before the chief court of the province the first year of his practice, and nearly twice that number the second. In the fourth, his register shows that he was employed in four hundred and thirty cases. During the eight years that he continued in active practice his income had enabled him to live like a gentleman, and to add a few hundred acres to his landed estate from time to time, until his inheritance of 1900 acres had become, in 1774, 5000 acres, and all paid for. But, while fired with the Virginian passion of the period for acquiring land, Jefferson does not appear to have shared the pas sion which usually accompanied it, of multiplying slaves to clear and till it. He was one of the first of English-speaking statesmen with foresight enough to discover the thunders with which the dark cloud of slavery was charged, and with courage enough to warn his countryman against them. It docs not appear that he ever acquired any slaves by purchase and as an investment. In 1767 Governor Fauquier, the colonial governor of Virginia, died. The arrival of the new governor, Baron de Botetouit, in October 1768, was followed, according to usage, by the dismissal of the House of Burgesses, and a new election was ordered. Jeffer son, offering himself as a candidate, was elected from the county of Albemarle, and continued to be annually re-elected until the House of Burgesses was closed by the revolution. His public career began, like that of some of the greatest parliamentarians before