Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/626

 508 J A U J A U alliance with the shah ; but on the way he was seized and imprisoned in a dry cistern for four months by the pasha of Bayazid. The pasha s death freed Jaubert, who success fully accomplished his mission, and rejoined Napoleon at Warsaw in 1807. In 1818 he undertook a journey with Government aid to Tibet, whence he succeeded in introduc ing into France 400 Cashmere goats. The rest of his life Jaubert spent in study, in writing, and in teaching. He became professor of Persian in the College de France, and in 1830 was elected member of the Acad6mie des Inscrip tions. In 1841 his erudite services were still further rewarded by admission to the peerage of France, and by the rank of counsellor of state. He died at Paris, January 27, 1847. Besides articles in the Journal Asiatique, we have from Jaubert Voyage en Armenie ct en Perse, fait dans Ics annecs 1805-6, 1821 (the edition of 1860 has a notice of Jaubert, by M. Sedillot) ; Elements de la Grammaire Turque, 1823 ; Geographic d Edrisi, 1824 ; Vie de Djenghiz Khan, 1841 ; and Relation de Vambas- sade de Mohammed Seid Wahid Effcndi (Texte Turque}, 1843. He also revised Meyendorffs Voyage d Orcnbourg a Boukhara, 1826; and abridged Venture s &quot;Grammaire et Dictionnaire de la langue Berbere,&quot; 1824 (in Eecueil de Voyages de la Societe de Geo graphic, tome vii.). See notices in the Journal Asiatique, January 1847, and the Journal des Debats, January 30, 1847. JAUER, chief town of a circle in the government dis trict of Liegnitz, in the province of Silesia, Prussia, is situated on the Wtithende Neisse. St Martin s church, recently renovated, dates from 1267-90, and the evangel ical church from 1655. The castle has been a penitentiary since 1746 ; and in the town there is a Protestant gymna sium and a hospital. Jauer manufactures leather, buck skin, carpets, cigars, carriages, and gloves, and is specially famous for its sausages. Its weekly grain and cattle market was instituted in 1404. The population in 1875 was 10,404. Jauer was formerly the capital of a principality embracing 1200 square miles of the principality of Schvveidnitz, now occupied by the circles of Jauer, Bunzlau, Lowenberg, Hirschberg, and Sehonau. It was separated from Schweidnitz in 1314, but lapsed to the Bohemian crown in 1392. Jauer was formerly the prosperous seat of the Silesiau linen trade, but the troubles of the Thirty Years War, in the course of which it was burned down three times, per manently injured it. JAUHARY. Abu Nasr Isma il ibn Hammad el-Jauhary of Farab, a district beyond the Jaxartes, on the borders of Turkestan, is one of the fathers of Arabic lexicography. After the fashion of the older Arabic philologers he com pleted his studies by a residence among the tribes of the Arabian desert, and finally established himself at Naisftpur, where he died by a fall from the roof of his house, leav ing the revision of his great lexicon, the Sihdh fil-Lugha, incomplete. According to some accounts he committed suicide in a fit of insanity. Hajji Khalifa (iv. 91) places his death 303 A.H. (1002-3 A.D.) ; others give 398 or 400. The Sihdh has been repeatedly printed in the East, as at Bulak 1282 (1865); and again in 1875. Of the edition projected by Ev. Scheidius, only one part appeared in 1776. See Hamaker, Spec. Cat., p. 48; Doxy, Lcyden Catalogue, i. 67; Pertsch, Gotha Cat., Xo. 378 ; H. Khalifa, ut supra. JAULNA. See JALNA. JAUNDICE (Fr. Jaunisse, from jaune, yellow), or ICTERUS (from its resemblance to the colour of the golden oriole, of which Pliny relates that if a jaundiced person looks upon it he recovers but the bird dies), a term in medicine applied to a yellow coloration of the skin and other parts of the body, depending in most instances on some derangement affecting the liver. This yellow colour is due to the presence in the blood of bile or of some of the elements of that secretion. Jaundice, however, must be regarded more as a symptom of some morbid condition previously existing than as a disease&quot; per se. The manner in which jaundice is produced is still a matter of debate among physicians, but it is generally admitted that there are two classes of causes, either of which may bring about this condition. In the first place any obstruction to the passage of bile from the liver into the intestinal canal is sooner or later followed by the appear ance of jaundice, which in such circumstances is due to the excessive absorption of bile into the blood. To this variety the term obstructive jaundice is applied. But secondly, a form of jaundice may be produced by causes not embracing obstruction, but including a variety of morbid conditions affecting either the secreting structure of the liver or the state of the blood, and to this the term non-obstructive jaundice is applied. Obstructive jaundice maybe due to the following causes: (1) simple catarrh of the hepatic and common bile duct (see DIGESTIVE ORGANS), whereby the calibre of these channels is narrowed (this is frequently the result of cold or of temporary gastric disturbance, but it may become a chronic condition) : (2) impaction of gallstones or plugs of hardened mucus in the ducts; (3) general congestion of the liver, either alone or in connexion with pre-existing disease in the heart or lungs ; and (4) pressure of morbid growths either external to the liver or in its substance. Obstruction from these causes may be partial or com plete, and the degree of jaundice will vary accordingly, but it is to be noted that extensive organic disease of the liver may exist without the evidence of obstructive jaundice. The effect upon the liver of impediments to the outflow of bile such as those above indicated is in the first place an increase in its size, the whole biliary passages and the liver cells being distended with retained bile. This enlarge ment, however, speedily subsides when the obstruction is removed, but should it persist the liver ultimately shrinks and undergoes atrophy in its whole texture. The bile thus retained is absorbed into the system, and shows itself by the yellow staining seen to a greater or less extent in all the tissues and many of the fluids of the body. The kidneys, which in such circumstances act in some measure vicariously to the liver and excrete a portion of the retained bile, are apt to become affected in their structure by the long continuance of jaundice. The symptoms of obstructive jaundice necessarily vary according to the nature of the exciting cause, but there generally exists evidence of some morbid condition before the yellow coloration appears. Thus, if the obstruction be due to an impacted gall stone in the common or hepatic duct, there will probably be the symptoms of intense suffering characterizing &quot; hepatic colic &quot; (see COLIC), after which the jaundice appears. In the cases most frequently seen those, namely, arising from simple catarrh of the bile ducts due to gastro-duodeual irritation spreading on to the liver through the common duct the first sign to attract attention is the yellow appearance of the white of the eye, which is speedily followed by a similar colour on the skin over the body generally. The yellow tinge is most distinct where the skin is thin, as on the forehead, breast, elbows, &c. It may be also well seen in the roof of the mouth, but in the lips and gums the colour is not observed till the blood is first pressed from them. The tint varies, being in the milder cases faint, in the more severe a deep saffron yellow, while in extreme degrees of obstruction it may be of dark brown or greenish hue. The colour can scarcely, if a 1 - all, be observed in artificial light. The urine exhibits well marked and characteristic changes in jaundice which exist even before any evidence can be detected on the skin or elsewhere. It is always of dark brown colour resembling porter, but after standing in the air it acquires a greenish tint. Its froth is greenish- yellow, and it stains with this colour any white substance. It contains not only the bile colouring matter but also the