Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/59

 INFINITESIMAL CALCULUS 49 by s n, we shall have log T(x + 1 ) = - yx + ^. 2 x- where y represents the limit of when fj. is indefinitely increased. This limit, whose importanc was first noticed by Euler (Ada Pctropolis, 1734), is now usually called Eulcr s Constant. If we change the sign of x in the preceding equation it becomes fr F(l ,v) = yX + rS X~ - Hence we have logr(l + a:) = lo Again, by logarithms, Consequently )=Jlg~ ;-jlop = * log ^irl^r &quot; * log 1^1 + &quot;i - ^ - ^ where Cl = 1 - 7, c 3 = -J (* s - 1 ), c s = i(* 5 - 1 ) ... It is easily seen that the constants c 3, c 3 , &c. , form a rapidly de creasing series, in which each torm can be calculated to any required number of places of decimals. Accordingly, when the value of Kuler s constant 7 has been determined, a series of values of log F(l +x) can be computed from the foregoing equation, and thus tabulated. (q / y ) = -^T &amp;gt; the value of y may be calculated by making x = % in the preceding formula ; by this means its value is found to be 57721 56649 to ten decimal places. On the Integrals Lix, Six, Six, and Cix. 160. Having thus arrived at a determination of Euler s constant, we shall return to the consideration of the logarithmic integral and other transcendents introduced into 131. Adopting the notation of trfat article, we have f x e ~ 2 /~^c ~ x&amp;gt;l - Li(e -*)=/ dz = / du, writing xu for s ; ^c ^ U xn /! /&amp;gt;-*- i -du + / -du. But ( 142), - I-*-. du . Again But -du. f- j y If now we suppose y to increase beyond limit, observing that in that case Lic-y=0, and that 7 = limit of 1 + i-M + +--loev y b J when y = co, we get /-I 1 _ /,-! /-I -,, /I Li(e-*) = y + log.r-/ rftt-Iim./ - !^-&amp;lt;fa yo ./o w We next proceed to show that y M vamshes when y becomes infinitely great. To prove this, we observe that, since u lies between and 1, Also hence 1 - (1 - u^f** &amp;lt;i-(i_ u &quot;)y &amp;lt; yv .-. e-y-(l-u)y&amp;lt;yu-e-&quot;y. -!- Consequently / /o 7&quot; 1 1 Again, y / ue~&quot;du = (1 -c-) ~ c - = when // O 2/ vanishes at the same time. Hence Li(c - *) = 7 + log x - f -- ^0 Again 1, &c . Again, when e vanishes. But r 4 f ~/f Let z = xu, and this becomes -du- hence This and the preceding can be represented by the single formula Eix - Li(c) = 7 + 1 log (.r*) + a + ~ + J -^ + &c, 1 . ^ 1 U The expansion for the sine-integral can be readily obtained, for we have by definition hence, substituting the ordinary expansion for sin z, and integrat ing between the limits proposed, we get X 3 .7J 5 &amp;gt; &quot; aj ~* 1.8.8 + * 1.2.3.4.5~ &C&amp;lt; Again, if, in the equation already proved we substitute ix for x, it becomes cos xu - % sin , , ., . log (ar) - ix - &c. Hence, equating the real parts on both sides, we get /~ l cos^cu^ .,,,,, v? . , x 4 J& u !onsequently The several scries here arrived at are readily seen to be con- ergent for all real values of x, and by aid of them the values of Cix, Six, &x for different values of the argument x can be tabulated. Such tables have been constructed by Soldner, Bidone, Bret- XIII. 7