Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/578

 552 j A M J A M allowed private practice in addition. The island is in telegraphic communication with England, and indeed with the world, and has also an inland telegraphic service. The Government have pur chased the 25 miles of railway from Kingston to Old Harbour, and are about to construct 47 miles more. Steam communication is very frequent between England, United States, and the colony. See Long s History, 1774 ; Bryan Edward s History, 1809, and Appendix, 1819; Kenny s History, 1807; Bridge s Annals, 1828; M. G. Lewis s Journal of a West India Proprietor ; Montgomery Martin s History of the British Colonies, 1835 ; 1 hillippo s Past and Present State. 1843 ; Geological Survey Reports, 1869; Gardner s History, 1873 ; Phillippo s Climate, 1876 ; Sir Sibbald D. Scott s Jamaica and Back, 1876 ; parliamentary papers, Colonial Office lists, local pub lications, and almanacs. For natural history, see Sloane, 1692 ; Brown, 1754 ; Durham, 1794; Lumm, 1814; and Gosse s Journal of a Naturalist in Jamaica, 1851, and Birds of Jamaica, 1847. For descriptions of scenery, see Tom Cringle s Log and tha Cruise of the Midge, by Michael Scott, a Kingston merchant. See also the map of Harrison, 1873. (J. L. 0.) JAMES ( Ia/&amp;lt;a&amp;gt;/?os). This name, the Hebrew Yakob or Jacob, belongs to several persons mentioned in the New Testament, of whom the first that appears in the Gospels is 1. James the son of Zebedee. He was among the first who were called to be Christ s immediate followers and afterwards chosen to be his apostles, and is one the others being Peter, Andrew, and John (the brother of James) of the always first-mentioned and, as the narra tive shows, most remarkable group of the apostolic band. In all the enumerations of the twelve (Matt. x. 2 ; Mark iii. 17 ; Luke vi. 14 ; Acts i. 13), his name appears early in the list, twice occupying the second place after Peter s. The call of James and John (the fullest account of which is given in Luke v. 1-11 ; comp. Mark i. 20) took place on the same occasion when Peter and Andrew, the other pair of brothers, were taken from their humble fisher s trade to be fishers of men. After this we next find James noticed as one of the persons present (Mark i. 29) when Jesus restored Simon Peter s wife s mother, who was sick of a fever. His brother and he were surnamed by our Lord (Mark iii. 1 7) &quot; Boanerges,&quot; a name derived from two Aramaic words signifying &quot; Sons of thunder,&quot; as it is interpreted by the evangelist. The name has been explained as having reference to the powers of their eloquence in preaching, or even from their being present when the voice like thunder spake to Jesus from the cloud (John xii. 29). It is more probable, especially as one meaning of the word translated &quot; thunder &quot; is &quot; rage, anger,&quot; that the name was given to them by the Lord because he perceived the fiery impetuosity of their nature. Two instances (Luke ix. 54 ; Mark x. 32-41) are recorded in the Gospels from which we can discern somewhat of this character of the sous of Zebedee. James is included among those who after the ascension waited at Jerusalem (Acts i. 13) for the descent of the Holy Ghost on the day of Pentecost. This is one of the passages in which the name of James is placed before those of John and Andrew, and we may judge from the little that we are told of him subsequently tlmt he was a most zealous and prominent member of the Christian community. For when a victim is to be chosen from among the apostles who should be sacrificed to the ani mosity of the Jews, it is on James that the blow falls first. The brief notice is given Acts xii. 1, 2 : &quot;Now about that time Herod [Agrippa I.] the king put forth his hands to afflict certain of the church. x.nd he killed James the brother of John with the sword.&quot; Eusebius (//. E., ii. 9) has preserved for us from Clement of Alexandria the circumstance that the accuser of the apostle, &quot;beholding his confession and moved thereby, confessed that he too was a Christian. So they were both led away to execution together, and on the road the accuser asked James for forgiveness. Gazing on him for a little while, he said, Peace be with thee, and kissed him. And then both were beheaded together.&quot; Other legends which tell of the apostle s preaching in Spain, and of the translation of his body to Compostella, are to be found in the Ada Sanctorum, July 25 (vol. vi. pp. 1-124). 2. James the son of Alphseus. He also was one of the apostles, and is mentioned in all the four lists (Matt. x. 3 ; Mark iii. 18 ; Luke vi. 15 ; Acts i. 13) by this name, but iu no other place. It is, however, thought by some that he is the same with 3. James the Lord s brother. In Matt. xiii. 55 and Mark vi, 3 the brethren of the Lord are named James, Joses, Judas, and Simon. It is also to be remarked that they are in both places spoken of as the children of the carpenter, that is, of Joseph the husband of the Virgin Mary. But it has been urged that they were called sons of Joseph and Mary because the children of two families, of Mary the Virgin and Mary the wife of Clopas, her half sister, were brought up together. Those who in this way make James the Lord s brother to be a son of Alphaeus require to establish (a) that Clopas is the same name as Alphseus, (L) that Mary the wife of Clopas (John xix. 25) was the sister of the Virgin Mary, and (c) that this Mary, wife of Clopas, is the same who is called (Matt. xxvi. 56 ; Mark xv. 40) Mary the mother of James and Joses, and (Mark. xvi. 1 ; Luke xxiv. 10) simply the mother of James, in which four passages the same person is evidently intended. But the identity of the names Alphaeus and Clopas is by no means certain. Those who maintain it take Clopas as the Aramaic Chalpai, and Alphseus to be a Groecized form thereof. But when we turn to what might be supposed the best 1 source of evidence on this point, viz., the Peshito version of the New Testament, instead of finding the two names treated as the same word, we find in all cases Chalpai where the Greek has Alphaeus, and where Clopas or Cleopas occurs, it is simply transliterated Kleopha. The same is the case with the Jerusalem Syriac. The identity of these names is thus far from being established. Then in John xix. 25 the versions and best authorities are in favour of making four persons of those there mentioned : &quot; his mother, and his mother s sister, and Mary the wife of Clopas, and Mary Magdalene.&quot; This is the Peshito rendering, and, even if the conjunction were not there, it is not uncommon in Scriptural enumeration to find names given in pairs without any conjunction, while to make Mary the wife of Clopas the Virgin s sister would be to assume two Maries in the same family of sisters, which is not very probable. Whether Mary wife of Clopas was the mother of a James (called in one place &quot; the little &quot;) and of Joses can neither be asserted nor denied from the evidence in the Gospels ; but, when the other two assumptions have so little founda tion to rest on, it seems impossible to consider the son of Alphseus the same person with the &quot; brother of the Lord.&quot; Further, James the Lord s brother was bishop of Jerusa lem (comp. Gal. i. 19 with Gal. ii. 9-12), and was president of the church in its earliest days (Acts xii. 17, xv. 13, xxi. 18). Such a position required him to be a resident in Jerusalem, while had he been an apostle (as the son of Alphaeus was) we should have expected him to take his share of the missionary labour of publishing the gospel in distant lands. But this bishop of Jerusalem was the author of the epistle of St James. He simply styles himself in the introduction thereto &quot; a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ.&quot; He who could thus write with the certainty of being identified must have been the most famous person of his name in the church, must have been what St Paul, in a passage (Gal. ii. 9) where he places James before both Peter and John, calls him, &quot; a pillar&quot; of the Christian society. And again Jude, when com mencing his epistle, calls himself the brother of James, with no other mark of distinction. Here too the same