Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/569

 J A I J A L 545 This tract was annexed in 1835, its raja having been deposed for complicity in carrying away British subjects, and in their immolation as human sacrifices in a shrine of the goddess Kali. At first no change was made in the indigenous revenue system, which consisted simply in the payment of a he-goat once a year by each village. In 1860, when a fresh taxation was introduced, the hillmen objected ; and in January 1862 they rose in open rebellion. Tlie police station at Jowai was burned to the ground, the garrison of sepoys was closely besieged, and all show of British authority was swept away throughout the hills. The hillmen fought bravely for their independence. At first they were successful in cutting off several detachments of sepoys and police, but the ringleaders were captured, and order finally restored in March 1863. JAIPUR. See JEYPORE. JAISALMIR, a native state in Rajputana, under the political superintendence of that agency and the Govern ment of India, lying between 26 5 and 28 24 N. lat. and between 69 30 and 72 50 E. long., with an area of 16,447 square miles, is bounded on the N. by Bahawalpur, on the E. by Bikancr and Jodhpur, on the S. by Jodhpur and Sind, and on the W. by Khairpur state and Sind. Jaisalmir is almost entirely a sandy waste, forming a part of &quot;the Great Indian Desert.&quot; The general aspect of the country is that of an interminable sea of sandhills, of all shapes and sizes, some rising to a height of 150 feet. Those in the west are covered with pkoy bushes, those in the east with tufts of long grass. Water is scarce, and generally brackish ; the average depth of the wells is said to be about 250 feet. There are no perennial streams, and only one small river, the Kakni, which, after flowing a distance of 28 miles, spreads over a large surface of flat ground, and forms a lake or jhil called the Blwj-Jhil. The climate is essentially dry and healthy. The tempera ture is highest in May and June ; the coldest months are from the middle of December to the middle of February. Throughout Jaisalmir, only rain-crops, such as bdjra,jodr, ittoth, til, &c., are grown; spring crops of wheat, barley, &c., are very rare. Owing to the scanty rainfall, irriga tion is almost unknown. The main part of the population lead a wandering life, grazing their flocks and herds. Large herds of camels, horned cattle, sheep, and goats are kept. The principal trade is in wool, ghl, camels, cattle, and sheep. The chief imports are grain, sugar, foreign cloth, piece-goods, &c. There is only one civil court. -Education is at a very low ebb. Jain priests are the chief schoolmasters, and their teaching is very elementary. The income of the state for 1873-74 was 11,854, the expenditure 15,911. The mahardwal has a force of 651 infantry and 155 cavalry, who have no drill or discipline, but are very efficient as police. It has been estimated that the total number of inhabitants does not exceed 72,000 ; 43,500 are said to be Hindus, 26,000 Mahometans, and 2500 Jains. The majority of the inhabitants are Yadu Bhati Rajputs, who take their name from an ancestor named Bhati, renowned as a warrior, when the tribe were located in the Punjab. Shortly after this the clan was driven southwards, and found a refuge in the Indian desert, which was thenceforth their home. Deoraj, a famous prince of the Bhati family, is esteemed the real founder of the present Jaisalmir dynasty, and with him the title of rdival commenced. In 1156 Jaisal, the sixth in succession from Deoraj, founded the fort and city of Jaisalmir, and made it hu capital. Jaisal was succeeded by several warlike princes, who were constantly engaged in battles and raids. In 1294 the Bhatis so enraged the emperor Ala-ud-din that his army captured and sacked the fort and city of Jaisalmir, so that for some time it was quite deserted. After this there is nothing to record till the time of Rdwal Sabal Sinh, whose reign marks an epoch in Bhati history in that he acknow ledged the supremacy of the Delhi emperor Sluih Jahan, and was the first of the Jaisalmir princes who held his dominions as a fief of the Delhi empire. The Jaisalmir princes had now arrived at the height of their power, but from this time till the accession of Ilawal Mulnij in 1762 the fortunes of the state rapidly declined, and most of its outlying provinces were lost. In 1818 Mulnij entered into political relations with the British. Since his death in 1820, no stirring events have occurred. The present chief is Mahdrawal Bairi Sal, who was born in 1848, and is a Yadu Bhati Rajput. The ruler of Jaisalmir is styled makaraical, and holds that position as head of the clan of Bhatis. The constitution may be described as tribal suzerainty in process of conversion to the feudal stage. Many of the tribal chiefs are to a great extent independent, insomuch that they hold their estates rent free. JAJPUR, or JAJPORE, a municipal town in Cuttack district, Bengal, is situated on the right bank of the Baitarani river, in 20 50 45&quot; N. lat., 86 22 56&quot; R long. It contains the usual subdi visional and public buildings, a charitable dispensary, a Government-aided school, &c. It was the capital of the province of Orissa under the Kesari dynasty until the llth century, when it was superseded by Cuttack, the modern metropolis. Jajpur is celebrated as a settlement of Brahman Sivaite priests, and as the headquarters of one of the four regions of pilgrimage into which Orissa is divided, viz., that sacred to Parvati, the wife of the All-Destroyer. In Jajpur are numerous ruins of Sivaite temples, sculptures, &c. In the 16th century this town was the scene of the struggle between Musalman and Hindu powers, from which it emerged in ruins. It, however, still ranks as the fourth town of Orissa, and derives much wealth from its yearly fair in honour of Baruni, &quot; Queen of the Waters,&quot; at which numbers of pilgrims assemble to bathe in the holy Baitarani, the Styx of Hindu mythology. The popula tion in 1872 numbered 10,753. JAKOB, LUDWIU HEINKICH VON (1759-1827), a German writer on political economy, was born at Wettin, 26th February 1759. After receiving preparatory instruc tion at Merseburg and at the gymnasium of Halle, he in 1777 entered the university of the latter city, at first devoting his attention specially to philological studies. In 1780 he was appointed teacher at the gymnasium, and, now occupy ing his leisure chiefly with the study of philosophy, he ia 1785 obtained the degree of doctor of philosophy, and in 1791 was appointed professor of philosophy at the uni versity. The suppression of the university of Halle having been decreed by Napoleon, Jakob betook himself to Russia, where in 1807 he was appointed professor of political economy at Kharkoff, and in 1809 a member of the Govern ment commission to inquire into the finances of the empire. In the following year he became president of the commis sion for the revision of criminal law, and he at the same time obtained an important office in the finance department, with the rank of counsellor of state; but in 1816 he returned to Halle to occupy the chair of political economy. He died at Lauchstadt, July 22, 1827. Shortly after his first appointment to a professorship in Halle, Jakob had begun to turn his attention rather to the practical than the speculative side of philosophy, and in 1805 he published at Halle Lclirbuch der Nationalokonoiiiie, in which he was the first to advocate in Germany the necessity of a distinct science dealing specially with the subject of national wealth. His principal other works are Grundriss der allgemeinen Loyik, Halle, 1788 ; Grund- satzc der Polizeigesctzgebunff und PolizeianstaUcn, Leipsic, 1809 ; Einleitung in das Studium der Staatsvnsscnfchdftcn, Halle, 1819 ; Entwurf eincs Criminalgesetzbuchs far das Russischc Reich, Halle, 1818; and StaatsfinanzwisscnscJiaft, 2 vols. , Halle, 1821. JALALABAD. See AFGHANISTAN. JALANDHAR, or JULLUNDUR, a British district in the lieutenant-governorship of the Punjab, India, lies between 30 56 30&quot; and 31 37 N&quot;. lat., and between 75 6 30&quot; and 77 49 15&quot; E. long., forming the southernmost dis trict in the division 1 of the same name. It is bounded on the N&quot;.E. by the district of Hushiarpur, on the N.W. by the native state of Kapurthala and the river Bids, and on the S. by the Sutlej. The blunt triangular tongue of land enclosed by the confluent streams of the Sutlej and the Bias bears the general name of the Jalandhar Doab. Its submontane portion belongs to Hushiarpur ; the remainder is divided between Kapurthala state and the district of 1 Jalandhar, a division under a commissioner in the Punjab, com prises the three districts of Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, and Kangra, between 30 56 30&quot; and 32 59 N. lat., and 75 6 30&quot; and 77 49 15&quot; E. long., with an area of 12,181 square miles, of which 2738 are cul tivated, and a population (1868) of 2,477,536, of whom 1,334,6E3 are males and 1,142,883 females. XIII. 69