Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/538

 516 ITALY alongside of the learned scholars, there was also in the first half of the 19th century a patriotic literature. To a close observer it will appear that historical learning itself was inspired by the love of Italy. It is well known what Vieusseux s intentions were when he established the Antologia, in which work all Italian liberals took part, and which was suppressed by the action of the Russian Govern ment. And it is equally well known that the Archivio Storico Italiano was, under a different form, a continuation of the Antologia. Florence was in those days the asylum of all the Italian exiles, and these exiles met and shook hands in Vieusseux s rooms, where there was more literary than political talk, but where one thought and one only animated all minds, the thought of Italy. The literary movement which preceded and was contem porary with the political revolution of 1848 may be said to be represented by four writers, Giuseppe Giusti, Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi, Vincenzo Gioberti, and Cesare Balbo. Giusti wrote epigrammatic satires in popular language. In incisive phrase he scourged the enemies of Italy ; his manner seemed very original, but it really was partly imitated from Beranger. He was a telling political writer, but a mediocre poet, too much a poet of occasion. Few of his verses will survive as works of art. Guerrazzi had a great reputation and great influence; he was the author of historical novels written with a political object, such as the Assedio di firenze, the Battaglia di Benevento, &c. Bead with feverish avidity before 1848, these books of his are now almost forgotten. They struck the- imagination then by their style, which is partly affected and partly spasmodic. They seemed to be sublime, but were little less than ridiculous. Gioberti had a noble heart and a great mind ; his philosophical works are already as good as dead, but the Primato morale e civile degli Italiani will last as an important document of the times. It is a book false in substance, but inspired by lofty sentiments., and it is written in an easy and eloquent style, although sometimes a little verbose. The Gesuita moderno will live as the most tremendous indictment ever written against the Jesuits. Gioberti was a powerful polemical writer ; and in polemics he showed his most original and characteristic qualities. Balbo was an earnest student of history, and made history useful for politics. Like Gioberti in his first period, Balbo was zealous for the civil papacy, and for a federation of the Italian states pre sided over by it. His Sommario della Storia d ltalia is the best epitome that exists of the intricate history of Italy. In the Pensieri sulla Storia d ltalia he touched on import ant subjects, which still await treatment. He did not do himself justice in the Meditazioni Storiche, a work on the philosophy of history, for which he had not the necessary qualifications. It is not advisable to speak of living authors. We shall only notice the fact that the political revival in Italy seems to have brought forth good fruit also in the fields of literature. It appears that the literary bent of the present day is towards historical research. Of the poets, only one, Giosue Carducci, has as yet acquired a reputation that seems certain to last. Literature. The following are the more important recent works relating to the historyof Italian literature: Emiliani Giudici, Storia delict Lettcratura Italiana, 2 vols., Florence, 1855; Francesco de Sanctis, Storia della, Lettcratura Italiana, 2 vols., Naples, 1870; Adolfo Bartoli, Storia della Lettcratura Italiana (the first three volumes are published), Florence, 1879-80 ; Giosue Carducci, Studi Lettcrari, Leghorn, 1874 ; Alessandro d Ancona, Origini del Tcatro in Italia, 2 vols., Florence, 1878 ; Virgili, Francesco Berni, Florence, 1881; Pasquale Yillari, Niccolb MacMavclli e i suoi tempi, vol. i. , Florence, 1877; PioRajna, Le Fontidcll Orlando Fur ioso, Florence, 1875; Attilio Hortis, Studi sullc Opcre latine del Boccaccio, Trieste, 1879; Francesco de Sanctis, Saggi Critici, 3 vols., Naples, 1872; Francesco d Ovidio, Saggi Critici, Naples, 1878. (A. EA,) INDEX. Academies, literary, 507. Fisheries, 442 ; statistics Nobility, 4C6; extinction Administration, 462. of, 455. of, 483. ./Equians, 445. Florence, commonwealth Norman invasion, 470. Agriculture, 412; sta of, 479 ; its influence Northern Italy, 43?. tistics of, 450. on literature, 507. Novara, battle of, 488. Albert!, Leon Battista, Foscolo, 513. (Enotrians, 443. 508. France and Spain, rivalry Olive culture, 442, 451. Albizzi, 479. of, 481. Oscans, 445. Alfleri, 513. Francis of Assisi, 500. Papacy, weakening of Alps, 434. Frankish emperors, 4G8. the, 480. Anchovy fishery, 455. Frederick I., 472. Parini, Guiseppe, 512. Apennines, 434. Frederick II., 474. Parliament, 463. Arcadia, academy of, Free cities, rise of, 471 ; Peasantry, 455. 511. war with nobles, 474. Petrarch, 503. Area, 434, 448. Free companies, 477. Pius IX., 488. Ariosto, 509. French invasion (1859), Polish succession, 484. Army, 458. 490. Population, 448. Art schools, 461. French revolution, 485. Postal system, 457. Asylums, 462. Galileo, 511. Prisons, 463.
 * Austrian succession, 484 ;

Garibaldi, 487, 490. Provinces, modern, 448. preponderance, 486. Gauls, 446. Pucci, Antonio, 505. Banks, 465. Genoa, power of, 475. Pulci, Luigi, 507. Barbarossa, 472. Geography, 434-447 ; Races, 443. Benevolent institutions, ancient, 443. Railways, 457. 462. Geology, 443. Ravenna, battle of, 481. Berni and Bernesque, German emperors, 469. Religion, statistics of, 510. Ghibellines and Guelfs, 458. Boccaccio, 504. 475. Renaissance, 506. Bonvecino, 499. Giacomino, 499. Revenue, 464. Botta, Carlo, 570. Gioberti, 516. Revolutions (1820, 1830), Calabria, 439. Giordani, Pietro, 515. 486; (1848), 488. Cambray, treaty of, Goldoni, Carlo, 513. Rienzi, 480. 482. Gothic kingdom, 467. Rivers, 435. Campo Formio, treaty of, Gozzi, Gasparo, 512. Riviera, 437. 485. Gran Sasso, 437. Rome, influence of, on Carbonari, 486. Guelfs and Ghibellines, Italy, 470; sack of Carni, 447. 475. (1527), 482; declared Cateau Cambresis, treaty Guerrazzi, 516. a republic (1849), 488. of, 483. Guicciardini, 509. Sabines, 444. Catherine of Siena, 505. Guinicelli, Guido, 501. Samnites, 445. Cattle, 451. Heribert, 470. Samnium, 439. Cavalcanti, Guido, 502. Hernicans, 445. San Marino, 485. Cavour, 487. History, 467-491. Saracen invasion, 470. Central Italy, 437. Hospitals, 462. Sardine fishery, 455. Ceramic industry, 454. lapygians, 443. Sardinia, kingdom of, Charlemagne, 468. Imports, 456. 489. Charles V., 482. Independence (1861), 490. Savonarola, 481, 508. Charles Albert, 488. Innocent III., 474. Savoy, house of, 483. Cheese-making, 452. Inquisition, 482. Savoy and Nice annexed Chiabrera, Gabriello, Investitures, war of, 471. to France, 490. 511. Islands, 440. Secentismo literature, Chioggia, war of, 480. Jacopone, 500. 511. Chronicles, early, 505. Justice, administration Schools, statistics of, Church, rivalry of, with of, 462. 460. the emperors, 476. Lakes, 440. Sheep, 452. Cities, free, 471 ; their Land tenure system, 452. Shipbuilding, 457. war with the nobles, Language, 491-498. Shipping, 457. 474. Latins, 445. Silk, 442, 453. Ciullo d Alcamo, 499. Law courts, 462. Solferino, battle of, 490. Climate, 441. Leonardo da Vinci, SOS. Southern Italy, 439. Coast-line, 441. Liberation, war of, 490. Spain and France, rivalry Commerce, 456. Libraries, 461. of, 481. Communes, rise of, 471. Liguria, 437, 446. Spanish succession, 484. Companies of adventure. Literature, 498- 516. Statistics, 443-466. 477. Local government, 464. Tasso, 510. Coral, 455. Lombardy, kingdom, 467; Telegraphs, 458. Corno, Monte, 437. league, 473. Territorial divisions, 448. Cotton manufacture, 453. Lorenzo de Medici, 507. Titles of honour, 466. Courts, law, 462. Machiavelli, 509. Tobacco, 454. Crime, 463. Magenta, battle of, 490. Topography, 434. Currency, 466. Manufactures, 453. Trade, 456. Custozza, battle of, 489. Manzoni, Alessandro, 515. Trissino, Gian Giorgio, Dairy produce, 452. Dante, 502. Marignano, battle of, 481. Mavini, Giovan Battista, 509 Two Sicilies, 470, 478. Debt, national, 465. 511. Umbrians, 444. Dialects, 492. Mazzini, 486. United Italy, 491. Divisions, territorial, Medici, influence of, 479. Universities, 4G1. 448. Medici, Lorenzo de, 507. Vegetable productions, Education statistics, 460. Montana, Garibaldi s sur 441. Electors, 463. render at, 491. Veneti, 447. Emigration, 450. Metastasio, 513. Venice, power of, 474 ; Emperors, Frankish, 468; Milan, recognition of the republic of, 479 ; de German, 469; rivalry commune in, 470 ; cline of, 484 ; restored with the Church, 476. duchy of, 478. to Italy, 491. Ethnography, 443. Minerals, 442. Victor Emmanuel, 489. Etruscans, 446. Money, 4C6. Vienna, congressof (1815), Euganeans, 447. Monti, Vincenzo, 514. 485. Expenditure, national, Mortality statistics, 449. Vine culture, 451. 465. Mountains, 434. Visconti, rise of the, 477. Exports, 456. Napoleon I., 485. Vital statistics, 448. Ezzelino, 475. Napoleon III., 490. Volcanoes, 443. Fasani, Raniero, 500. National debt, 465. Volscians, 445. Filicaia, lyrist, 511. Navy, 458. Woollen manufacture, Finance, 464. Niccolini, 514. 453.