Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/288

 272 IRELAND many of those who opposed the changes made now think they have done good. These reforms did not, however, put an end to Irish agitation. The Home Rule party, which demanded the restoration of a separate Irish Parliament, showed increased activity, and the general election of 1874 gave it a strong representation at Westminster, where one section of the party developed into the &quot; Obstructionists.&quot; Absenteeism, 229. Administration, 239. Aed, King, 249. Agrarian offences, 239. Agriculture, 218 ; in Mid dle Ages, 255. Anglo-Norman invasion, 258. Area, 214. Assemblies, mediajval re presentative, 257. Bale, Bishop, 263. Banks. 236. Bards, ancient, 251. Beer manufacture, 233. Birmingham, John de, 260. Boyne, battle of the, 268. Brehon system, 219. Breweries, 233. Brian Boruma, 253. Bruce, Edward, 260. Canals, 216. Carew, Sir Peter, 264. Catholic disabilities, 259, 266, 269 ; emancipa tion from, 271. Cattle, 225. Cereals, 223. Christianity, conversion to, 247. Church, early, 248, 259; temp. Henry VIII., 262; disestablishment, 271. Churches, mediaeval, 255. Clans, 257. Climate, 218. Clontarf, battle of, 254. Coal, 217. Coast-line, 216. Colleges, 241. Columcille, St, 249. Commerce, 233. Cond, King, 245. Bad seasons and distress among the peasantry (1878-1880) added force to the Land League, and agrarian outrages increased to an alarming extent on the expiration of the Peace Preservation Act and the rejection by the Lords of a bill temporarily limiting evictions. In 1881 a Coercion Act was passed, and was immediately followed by a new Land Act of large scope. (R. BA.) INDEX. Copper, 218. Famine of 1739, 269; of Londonderry, grant of, Cormac, King, 246. 1846, 270. 266 ; siege of, 268. Costume in Middle Ages, Farm holdings, 220. Louth, Earl of, 260, 256. Fenianism, 271. M Murrough, Dermod, Cotton manufacture, 232. Fisheries, 233. 258. Counties, extent and po Flax culture, 231. Malachy, King, 253. pulation of, 215. Food in Middle Ages, 256. Man, Isle of, 252, 254. County administration, Forests, mediaeval, 255. Manufactures. 230. 240. Gavelkind, 219. Marriage customs in Coyne and livery, 262. Geography, 214. Middle Ages, 256. Crime, 239. Geology, 214. Marriage statistics, 238. Cromwell, 267. Government, 239. Mathew, Father, 271. Crops, 220. Grey, Lord-Deputy, 264. Middle Ages, state of Ire Customs in Middle Ages, Henry II., invasion of, land in, 255. 256. 258. Milesians, 244. Dal-Cais dynasty, 253. Henry VIII., 262. Mineral springs, 218. Danes, invasions of, 252. History, 243. Minerals, 217. Davies, Sir John, 265. Holdings, farm, 220. Mitchel, John, 271. De Lacy, Hugo, 259. Home Rule, 272. Monasteries, ancient, 262. Dermod M Murrough, Horses, 224. Mortality statistics, 238 2.-Q UO. Houses in Middle Ages, Mountains, 214. Deny granted to London 255. Mug Nuadat, King, 246. citizens, 266 ; siege of, Hui Neill dynasty, 250. Munster, early kingdom 268. Ireton, General, 267. of, 245. Desmond, Earl of, 260. Iron, 217. Norman conquest, 258. Desmond rebellions, 264, Islands, 216. Northmen, invasions of, 265. James II., 268. 251. Disabilities, Catholic, 259, Jesuits, 263. Norwegians, invasions of, 266, 269. Kildare, Earl of, 260. 251. Distilleries, 233. Kings in Middle Ages, 256. Oakboy insurrection, 269. Dress in Middle Ages, Lakes, 216. O Connell, Daniel, 271. 257. Land distribution, 215 ; O Neill, Hugh, 265. Dundalk, battle of, 260. in Middle Ages, 255, 257. O Neill, Owen Roe, 267. Education, 241 ; national, Land laws, 219, 228, 272. O Neill, Shane, 264. inauguration of, 271. Landlords and tenants, Ormonde, Earl of, 260. Elizabeth, Queen, 265. 228. Ormonde, Duke of, 268. Emigration, 238. Landowners, statistics of, Pale, the, 262. Emmet s insurrection, 229. Pulladius, 247. 271. Lead, 218. Parliament, imperial, re Encumbered Estates Legends, Irish, 244. presentation in, 239 ; Court, 229. Limerick, siege of, 268. Irish, 266, 270. English conquest, 258. Linen manufacture, 231. Patrick, St, 248. Essex, Earl of, 264. Live stock, 225. Peat, 217. Evictions, 228. Local government, 240. Penal Acts, 208. Perrott, Sir John, 265. Pigs, 226. Plantation of Ulster, 268. Poor law, 239. Population, 237. Porter manufacture, 233. Potato culture, 224 ; de pendence on, 270. Presbyterians, Scotch, 269. Protestantism and Ultra- montanism, 262. Races, early, 243. Railways, 236. Rebellion (1583), 264 ; (1598), 265 ; (1641), 266; (1798,1803, 1848), 271. Reformation, 2G3. Religion, statistics of, 240. Repeal agitation, 271. Representation, imperial, 239; in Middle Ages, 257. Revenue, 236. Rinuccini, 267. Rivers, 216. Rossa, O Donovan, 271. Round towers, 255. Schools, 241. Scoti, 244. Scots, invasion of, 260. Sheep, 226. Shipbuilding, 235. Shipping trade, 233. Sidney, Sir Henry, 264. Silk manufacture, 232. Silver, 218. Simnel, Lambert, 261. Staples, Bishop, 263. Statistics, 214. Steelboys rising, 269. Stephens, James, 271. Straff ord, Lord-Deputy, 266. Strongbow, 258. Tara, assembly of, 250. Taxation, 240. Templetogher, battle of, 260. Tenants and landlords, 228. Tiptoft, Earl of Worcester, 261. Tone, T. Wolfe, 271. Topography, 214. Trade, 233 ; restraints on, 267, 269. Trim, parliament of, 261. Tuathal, King, 245. Tyrconnel, Earl of, 265, 268. Tyrone, Earl of, 265. Ulster, plantation of, 266. Ultramontanism and Pro testantism, 262. Union, the, 271. United Irishmen, 271. Universities, 241. Valuation Acts, 236. Warbeck, Peikin, 261. Waste lands, 223. Waterford, Earls of, 261. Wealth, national, 236. Weapons in Middle Ages, 257. Whisky manufacture, 233. Whiteboys, 270. William III., 268. Woollen manufacture, 230. Worcester, Earl of, 261. Worsted manufacture, 230. York, Duke of, viceroy, 261. Yorkist cause, espousal of, 261. IRELAND, SAMUEL, the dupe of his son, the subject of the following article, in the publication of the supposed Shakespearian papers, was born in London, where he was originally a mechanic in Spitalfields. He afterwards became a dealer in old books and prints and similar articles ; and, turning his knowledge of drawing and engraving to account, he published several books of travel, with illustrations in aquatinta. On December 24, 1796, Ireland published the Miscellaneous Papers and Legal Instruments under the Hand and Seal of William Shakspeare ; including the Tragedy of King Lear and a small fragment of Hamlet, dated 1797, and purporting to be copies of originals furnished him by his son. Al though, on the exposure of the fraud, the latter asserted his father s complete innocence, Samuel Ireland felt the disgrace very bitterly, and the occurrence is said to have hastened his death, which took place in July 1800. His works, which at one time were in considerable request, include A Picturesque Tour through Holland, Brabant, and part of France, ~2 vols., 1790 ; Picturesque Views on the River Thames, 2 vols., 1792, on the River Medway, 1793, on tlic Warwickshire Avon, 1795, on the River Wye, 1797, and on the River Severn, 1824 ; Graphic Illustrations of Hogarth, 2 vols. , 1794 ; and A Picturesque View, with an Historical Account of the Inns of Court, 1800. On the forgeries question he published A Vindication of his Conduct, 1797, and An Investigation of Mr Malonc s Claim to the character of a Scholar or Critic, 1797. IRELAND, SAMUEL WILLIAM HENUY (1777-1835), generally known as William Henry Ireland, who at the age of seventeen produced the notorious Shakespeare for geries, was the son of the subject of last notice, and was born in London in 1777. After spending four years at school in France, he was apprenticed in 1794 to a con veyancer in London. The enthusiasm of his father for everything connected with Shakespeare suggested to young Ireland the idea of delighting him with a forged autograph of the poet. He carefully drew up a copy of an old deed, purporting to be a lease from Shakespeare to certain other parties, and presented it as a genuine document to his unsuspecting father. The complete success of this first attempt and the eager solicitations of his friends to ransack the papers among which he pretended to have found the lease were the incitements to a more ambitious career of literary forgery. He invented a story of a gentleman, acci dentally met with, among whose old papers the documents were found, but who, for various reasons, refused to permit his name to be disclosed. A large collection of the most interesting relics was brought to light. A profession of faith, a love-letter, enclosing a lock of the poet s hair, to Anne Hathaway, private letters to and from Shakespeare, theatrical memoranda, notes of hand and receipts, agree ments between Shakespeare and actors, pictures, annotated