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 242 exhibitions and prizes to students, and partly in the payment of results fees. The total number of pupils examined in 1880 was 5561 4114 boys and 1447 girls, the number who passed being 2899 boys and 1111 girls. Exhibitions of the value of 20 a year for three years were awarded to 96 boys and 40 girls in the junior grade fin the middle grade 32 boys and 13 girls received exhibitions of 30 annually for two years ; and in the senior grade 16 boys and 4 girls received exhibitions of 50 for one year. In addition to this 558 boys and 726 girls received prizes in books. In 1811 a society was formed in Ireland for the education of the poor, which from 1819 received the assistance of a grant of public money. This, however, was withdrawn in 1830 on account of the Roman Catholics refusing from religious objections to allow their pupils to enter the schools of the society. In 1833 the money formerly given to the society was vested in commissioners of public education, who in 1845 were incorporated under the name of the &quot; Commissioners of National Education of Ireland.&quot; Table LXII. will show the progress of national education in Ireland from 1833 to 1880 ; and Table LXIII. gives particulars as to school attendance for 1880. Table LX1V. shows the Protestant and Roman Catholic attend ance at the 4175 mixed schools from which returns were received. The unmixed schools numbered 3331, of which those taught by Roman Catholic teachers numbered 2779, the number of pupils being 441,612, while those taught by Protestant teachers numbered 552, the total number of pupils being 63,983, of whom 26,283 belonged to the Church of Ireland, 34,348 to the Presbyterian Church, and 3352 to other denominations. Table LXV. shows the attendance at the various classes in the national schools in 1880. The number of district and minor model schools in 1880 exclusive of those of the metropolitan district was 26, the number of pupils on the roll 16,997, and the average attendance 8971. Table LXVI. shows the relative proportion of attendance at the various classes. The workhouse schools under the superintendence of the National Board in 1880 numbered 158, the pupils on the roll being 16,945, and the average attendance 8880. There were 52 industrial schools in 1879, the number of inmates being 4979, and the expenditure TABLE LXII. National Schools in Ireland, 1833-80. Parlia Parlia Schools. Pupils. mentary Schools. Pupils. mentary Grant, Grant.

1833 789 107,042 25,000 1870 6,806 950,999 394,209 1840 1,978 232,560 50,000 1878 7,433 1,036,742 659,837 1850 4,5-17 511,239 140,000 1S79 7,522 1,031,995 081,829 1860 5,632 804,000 270,722 1880 7,590 1,083,020 722,366 [EDUCATION. 117,888. The nuirfber of school farms connected with the national schools in 1880 was 94, and of school gardens 19, in addition to which there are a large number of agricultural schools under local management, and a large number of pupils were also taught agricul ture in the national schools, the total number of pupils who presented themselves for examination in agriculture in 1880 being 33,618, of whom 15,652 passed. The number of pupils who presented them selves at the results examination in the national schools in 1880 was 461,574, of whom 340,871, or 73 8 per cent., passed. Table LXVII. shows the various classes of teachers underthe National Board in 1880. In addition there were 85 junior assistants, 227 work mistresses and industrial teachers, 90 temporary assistants, and 8 temporary work mistresses. The payment to the teaching staff for the year ending 31st March 1881 was 737,631, 4s. 3d. The amount of money raised by school fees was 91,300, 5s. 8d. , by subscription 40,516, 6s. 10d., by local rates 8,324, 6s. 7d. The whole amount received from the Board was 597,490, 5s. 2d. The amount of sub scriptions other than local for the four years ending 1880 was 151,698, 16s. 6d., which was devoted to building purposes. The total amount of the parliamentary grant for the promotion of edu cation, science, and art in Ireland for the year ending 31st March 1880 was 795,351. For particulars regarding the endowments, funds, and actual condition of the endowed schools of Ireland, including the royal free schools, diocesan free schools, grammar schools, Erasmus Smith schools, and schools connected with the Church of Ireland, the Roman Catholic Church, and the various other denominations, the reader is referred to the Ecjwrt of the Endowed Schools (Ireland) Commission, vols. i. and ii., 1881. Antiquities. The principal objects in Ireland of antiquarian and architectural interest are noticed under the various counties. BlBUOGKAPIIT. Geology. The Government geological survey of Ireland, begun in 1832, was completed in 1881, and maps of separate poi tions have been published,accompanied with explanatory memoirs. Among the geological maps of the whole country ma} be mentioned that by E. Hull, London, 1878. The chief works on the geology of the country as a whole are Sir Richard Griffith s Physical Geology of Ireland, 2d edition, 1838; Hull s Physical Geology and Geography of Ireland, London, 1878; and Kinahan s Manual of Vie Geology of Ireland, London, 1878. An interesting notice of the principal features of Irish geology will be found inAus Irland, by Dr Arnold von La&amp;lt;aulx, Bonn, 1877. A list of the more important papers on the special points of Irish geology is given in the work of Hull. Agriculture. For information regarding the character of the land systems of Ireland the reader may consult Godkin s Land War in Ireland, 1870; Sigerson s History of Land Tenure in Ireland, 1871 ; O Curry s Ancient Manners and Customs of Ireland, 3 vols., 1873; the paper on &quot; The Tenure of Land in Ire land,&quot; by Judge Longfield, in Systems of Land Tenure, published by the Cobden Club, 1876, and with additions in a new edition, 1881; Fisher s History of Land Holding in Ireland, 1877 ; O Brien s History of the Irish Land Question, 1880 ; Richey s Irish Land Laics, 1880. The political-economy relations of the sub ject have been treated, among other writers, by John Stuart Mill, T. E. Cliffe Leslie, and Professor Cairnes. For general information a first place must be TABLE LXIII. Attendance in National Schools, 1880. Total Schools. Schools sending in Returns. Pupils on Roll who made at least one attendance. Religious Denominations. Males. Females. Total. Roman Catholics. Episcopalian Church. Presby terians. Otherf. Ulster 2,867 1,913 1,595 1,215 7,590 2,846 1,835 1,576 1,202 . 7,509 200,293 140,492 107,123 98,393 546,301 183,528 147,941 112,189 93,061 536,719 383,821 288,433 219,312 191,454 1,083,020 185,462 279,774 204,786 185,035 855,057 76,684 7,481 12,576 5,477 102,218 113,028 595 1,397 609 115,629 8,647 583 553 333 10,116 Munster Leinster Connau^ht Ireland Per cent.. . 50-4 49-6 79 9-4 107 0-9 TABLE LXIV. Attendance in Mixed Schools, 1880. Teachers. Schools. Roman Catholic Pupils. Protestant Pupils. Per cent. Roman Catholics. Protest- ants. Roman Catholic Protestant 2,804 1,273 93 377.677 25,183 10,580 24.011 127,868 11,923 94-0 16-4 47-0 c-o 83-6 53-0 Roman Catholic) and Protestant...) Total 4,175 413,440 163,802 71-6 28-4 TABLE LXV. Percentages in National Schools, 1880. In fants. Class I. Class II. Class III. Class IV. Cla^s VI. Class VI&quot;. Class VI. Ireland. . 26-5 21-8 ^ 151 12-9 498 10-0 V 6-5 3-4 3-8 26-5 23-7 TABLE LXVI. Percentages in Model Schools, 1880. Infants. Class I. Class II. Class III. Class IV. Class VI. Class VI&quot;. Class VI. 12-9 10-0 ^ 11-7 1 v &quot; 3-3-7 14-0 14-9 13-3 9-1 14-1 ^ 12-9 51-4 TABLE LXVII. Teachers in Sen-ice of the National Board, 1880. Principals. Assistants. Class Males. Females. Males. Females. 1. 1st Division 1. 2d 129 399 102 302 13 23 23 C4 1,055 2. 1st 2. 2d ., 1,416 348 857 266 75 47 318 1*7 3,514 3. 1st 3. 2d 1,710 533 991 376 406 197 1,390 502 6,105 4,535 2,894 761 2,484 10,674 7,429 3,245