Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/226

 212 IPSWICH IPSWICH (50,000), Old Eng. Gippeswic, the county town of Suffolk, 68 miles north-east of London by rail, stands on a gentle ascent above the left bank of the Gipping, which widens here into the Orwell estuary. Its lower and older portion, irregularly built, retains some curious speci mens of ancient domestic architecture, as Sparrowe s House (1567), with quaint emblematic mouldings of Charles II. s reign, Archdeacon s Place (1471), and Wolsey s Gateway (1528), sole relic this of one of those &quot;twins of learning,&quot; the colleges of Christ Church and Ipswich. The public buildings, however, are one and all of them modern. The town-hall (1868) is an imposing edifice in the Venetian style, surmounted by a clock-tower 120 feet high, and beautified with statues and medallions. Close by, and Plan of Ipswich. similar in style, are the post-office (1880) and the new corn-exchange (1880-81), and a second good group is formed by the new museum and fine art gallery (1880-81), the former of which, founded in 1847, has a splendid collection of red crag fossils. Other buildings are the East Suffolk Hospital (1836-69), militia artillery barracks (1855), custom-house (1845), mechanics institute (1824; greatly enlarged 1877), working men s college (L862), public hall (1868), and a little theatre, where Garrick made his debut iu 1740. The grammar school, dating from at least 1477, was last refounded by Queen Eliza beth iu 1565, and was rebuilt in 1851 on the northern outskirts of the town, the Prince Consort laying the foundation stone. It is a red brick Tudor pile, with a pretty chapel, has 6 masters and 85 boys, and is endowed with 11 scholarships of an aggregate yearly value of 302. Fourteen board schools had an average attendance of 2426 in May 1880, when there were twenty-two other elementary schools, attended by 3130 children. The older of the sixteen churches are all of them towered flint-work struc tures, wholly or mainly Perpendicular in style, with the exception of St Peter s (restored and enlarged in 1877), which is Decorated. They include St Margaret s (restored 1846-74), with a beautiful oak Tudor roof, elaborately painted temp. William and Mary ; St Matthews (restored 1860), St Lawrence (1431; restored 1858); and St Clement s (restored 1860-80), containing the tomb of Eldred, an early circumnavigator. St Michael s (1880) is a wholly new erection in Early English style, and three other churches have practically been rebuilt St Mary-le-Tower (1863-66), rich in oak carving and painted glass, with a tower and spire 176 feet high, and a peal of twelve bells ; St Helen s (1877-78), also with a spire; and St Mary (1871) at Stoke, a suburb south of the Gipping. Of non- established places of worship the Roman Catholic church of St Pancras (1863) is the most noticeable, a late First Pointed edifice with a richly carved reredos and a lofty fleche. Ipswich has two finely planted arboretums, the upper one of which is public ; alongside stretches Christ Church park, with its picturesque Tudor mansion (1549). There are shady walks too, between the river and a wet dock, which, formed in 1842 at a cost of 130,000, covers 32 acres, and admitted vessels drawing 14 feet. Under an Act obtained in 1877 the commissioners have expended 80,000 more in making a new entrance lock, to admit vessels drawing 18 feet, in erecting public ware houses, and in deepening and improving the river. In 1879, 264 vessels of 54,353 tons entered from, and 89 of 11,406 tons cleared to, foreign countries and British possessiors ; coastwise there entered 2405 of 152,161, and cleared 1792 of 118,624 tons. There were 125 vessels of 9779 tons, besides 23 fishing boats, registered as belonging to the port on 31st December of that year, in which the customs revenue amounted to 20,828, the chief im ports being coal (51,720 tons), linseed, cotton seed, maize, barley, iron, and iron pyrites ; the exports, wheat, malt, flour, artificial manures, and agricultural implements. The last are manufactured at the Orwell Works ( V5) of Ransomes, Sims, & Head, the greatest in the world, covering 13 acres, and employing over 1400 hands. Shipbuilding (27 vessels of 1965 tons during 1875-79), brewing, tanning, and the manufacture of manure from coprolites, and of silk, flax, ropes, and artificial stone, are the leading industries. Ipswich returns two members to parliament. The borough has an area of 8192 acres. The population, which in 1871 was 42,947, had increased in 1881 to 50,213. A pavement found in Castle Field in 1854 establishes the pre sence of the Romans, but Ipswich is first mentioned in history as having been plundered by Northmen in 991 and 1000. Lying out of the course of events, it has played no conspicuous part, and the chief incidents in its history are the granting of its earliest charter by John (1199) ; the visits of Edward I. (1297), Edward III. (1350), Elizabeth (1561, 1565, and 1578), and George II. (1737) ; the meet ing of the British Association (1851) and of the British Arcluco- logical Association (1864). Thomas Wolsey (1471-1530), William Butler (1535-1618), Bishop Ralph Brownrigg (1592-1659), Clara Reeve (1738-1803), and Mrs Trimmer (1741-1810) were natives ; and Gainsborough, a resident from 1747 to 1759, has given his name to a beautiful lane above the &quot; princely &quot; Orwell. See G. R. Clarke s History of Ipswich, Ipswich, 1830. IPSWICH (7734), the second most important town of Queensland, Australia, is built on the south side of the river Bremer at the head of navigation, about 24 miles in a westerly direction from Brisbane, in 27 35 S. lat. and 152 50 E. long. It is the centre of a rich pastoral and agricultural district, the principal product being maize. Coal is worked on the banks of the Bremer and the Bris bane, and there is a woollen factory in the town. A court house, a hospital, a lunatic asylum, a grammar school, opened in 1863, and a school of arts are among the public buildings. The first sale of crownlands took place on October 11, 1843 ; and the first steamer between Brisbane