Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/101

 I N O I N Q 91 attorney-general, solicitor-general, queen s counsel, and ordi nary barristers being found. There are also serjeants-at- law limited, however, to three in number, and designated 1st, 2d, and 3d serjeant; and, unlike their English brethren, these are not as yet in course of extinction. The King s Inns do not provide chambers for business purposes ; there is consequently no aggregation of counsel in certain locali ties, as is the case in London in the Inns of Court and their immediate vicinity. The corporation known as the Faculty of Advocates in Edinburgh corresponds with the Inns of Court in London and the King s Inns in Dublin (see ADVOCATE, vol. i. p. 178). The constitution of the faculty differs in many respects, however, from the English and Irish societies. There is no resemblance to the quasi-collegiate discipline and the usages and customs prevailing in an Inn of Court. There is no governing body similar to the benchers. The president is elected by general vote of the whole body of the advocates, and is designated dean of faculty. Until a recent date no precedence excepting that of the lord advocate (who performs many of the duties of the attorney-general in England), the dean of faculty, and the solicitor-general was recognized. Now these officers and the ex-law-officers of the crown obtain patents as queen s counsel. The faculty is possessed of a hall and extensive library build ings situated beneath and adjoining the Parliament House, which have been much added to in the present century. The body regulates all matters connected with admission to its ranks. Advocates are not required to pass any portion of their studentship in London, as is the case with members of the Irish inn. On the other hand, advocates of the Scottish bar desiring to change the scene of their professional labours to the English metropolis derive no advantage as such (excepting when pleading in appeals at the bar of the House of Lords and in cases before the judicial committee of the privy council), but have to pass through the ordinary curriculum of the English student before acquiring the necessary status ; and in like manner an English or Irish barrister seeking admission to the Scottish bar must go through the course prescribed by the faculty. Authorities. Fortcscuc, De Laudibus LcgumAnglisR, by A. Amos, 1825 ; Dugdalc, Origines Juridicialcs, 2d ed., 1671 ; Foss, Judges of England, 1848-64, 9 vols. ; Herbert, Antiquities of the Inns of Court, 1804 ; Pearce, History of the Inns of Court, 1848 ; Report of the Commissioners appointed to inquire into the Inns of Court and Chancery, 1855 ; Ball, Student s Guide to the Bar, 1878 ; Stow, Survey of London and Westminster, by Strype, 1754-5 ; Nichols, Progresses of Elizabeth and James I. ; Lane, Student s Guide through Lincoln s Inn, 2d ed., 1805 ; Spilsbury, Lincoln s Inn, with an Account of the Library, 2d ed., 1873 ; Doutlrwaite, Notes illustrative of the History and Antiquities of Gray s Inn, 1876 ; Paston Letters, 1872 ; Law Magazine, 1859-60 ; Quarterly Rcmeio, October 1871 ; Cowel, Law Dictionary, 1727 ; Dnhigg, History of the King s Inns in Ireland, 1806; Mackay, Practice of the Court of Session, 1879. (J. C. W.) INOCULATION. See SMALL-POX. INOWPxAZL AW(9 1 47), anciently Jung-Breslau, the chief town of a circle in the government district of Bromberg, is situated on an eminence in the most fertile part of the Prussian province of Posen, 25 miles south-east of the town of Bromberg. It is the seat of a local court, and has seve ral churches, a synagogue, and a gymnasium. Iron-founding, the manufacture of machinery, and an active trade in cattle and country produce are carried on. In the vicinity are important salt works and a sulphur mine, and since 1876 there has been a brine bath establishment within the town. Inowrazlaw is mentioned as early as 1 185, and appears seve ral times in the mediaeval history of the Teutonic knightly order. The population in 1875, including the garrison and the neighbouring Grostnow, was 9147. INQUEST. See CORONER. INQUISITION, THE, is the name usually given to that organization which was established in Spain in the 15th century for the detection and suppression of heresy. The &quot; Holy Office,&quot; as it was styled, was, however, only the development of a system which, in the hands of the preaching orders, had existed from the beginning of the 13th century; and this in turn did but enforce anew the old view that the church is bound to correct all immorality or misbelief. The subject has therefore three distinct periods : (1) the treatment of heresy and vice before the 13th century; (2) the Dominican Inquisition, dating from the council of Toulouse in 1229 ; (3) the Spanish Inquisi tion, which began in 1480. The second and third periods express a different principle from that which guided the first ; for the earlier inquiry into heresy or vice was a part of the episcopal functions, while the second period sprang out of the anti-episcopal and anti-feudal revival of the preaching orders, and the third went with the establish ment of a centralized monarchy in Spain, and its claims to a political-religious supremacy in Europe. The first was not directed against any special heresy; the second was called forth by the Albigensian movement, and the literary and artistic independence of southern France ; the third expressed the views of Spanish orthodoxy in its struggle with Jew and Moor, and, when that contest was done, it attacked Protestantism, becoming, in union with the Jesuits, the fighting power of the Catholic reaction of the 16th century. The original episcopal Inquisition never forgave its more vigorous and better organized successor ; the Spanish Office was nowhere introduced without a struggle, but the Reformation left episcopacy almost powerless in northern Europe, while in the south the renewed and autocratic papacy discouraged the independ ence of bishops, and trusted itself mainly to the order of Jesus and the Holy Office. The Inquisition was an outcome of that desire for safety in the truth which distinguishes Christianity from most other forms of faith. If men feel safe, they charitably wish others to be also safe, hence missionary heroisms; they fear whatever may endanger their safety, and long to clear it away,- hence persecution ; they argue that if they make a convert they save a soul, and if not that the stiff unbeliever is too dangerous to be left, whence come imprisonments and the stake. So long as church and state were distinct, the heretic simply forfeited his privileges as a member of a religious body ; but when state and church became, in theory at least, conterminous, this process availed no longer, and the heretic had to be put away by the state, while the church became ever more industrious in seeking out error. Now, in religious matters, men have always tried to make things easier by multiplying difficulties ; they secure safety by exact state ment and minute definition. Creeds and formularies cease to be symbols of a general consent, and become, instead, tests of orthodoxy. And though, in theory, the church was as anxious for the moral purity as for the right faith of her members, the moral questions were presently eclipsed by the dogmatic ; church discipline judged conduct lightly, while it controlled opinion with an iron hand. 1. The germ of the Inquisition lies in the duty of search ing out and correcting error entrusted to the deacons in the early churches. The promise in the Anglican Ordinal that the priest will be &quot; ready with all faithful diligence to banish and drive away all erroneous and strange doctrines contrary to God s word &quot; is a pale reflexion of this ancient charge. The episcopacy thus providing the instruments, the temporal power soon offered to enforce the sentences of the church : the edicts of Constantino and his successors now began that double system which, by ordaining that heretics should be dealt with Sia rrjs iu&amp;gt;6fv