Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 12.djvu/872

846 846 I N D I N D the British Government, and Tiikaji Rao (the present maharaja), at that time eleven years old, was selected and placed on the gadi. Holkar maintains a military estab lishment of 3100 regular and 2150 irregular infantry, 2100 regular and 1200 irregular cavalry, and 340 artillery men, with 24 field guns equipped. INDRE, a department of central France, consisting of parts of the old provinces Bas-Berry, Orle anais, and Marche, is bounded N. by the departments of Indre-et-Loire and Loir-et-Cher, E. by Cher, S. by Creuse, Haute-Vienne, and Vienne, and W. by Vienne and Indre-et-Loire. It lies between 46 22 and 47 15 N. lat., and between 52 and 2 13 E. long., being 60 miles in length from north to south and 54 miles in breadth from east to west. It derives its name from the river Indre, which flows through it from south-east to north-west. The Creuse, Claise, and Vienne, tributaries, like the Indre, of the Loire, are the other principal streams. The surface forms a vast plateau, sloping from south to north, and divided into three districts, the Bois-Chaud, Champagne, and Brenne, varying with the characteristics of the soil. The Bois-Chaud is a large well-wooded plain, comprising seven-tenths of the entire area, and covered with a sandy and stony soil. In the river valleys, however, the soil is extremely fertile. The Champagne, a bare though fertile district to the north west, produces abundant cereal crops, and affords excellent pasturage for large numbers of sheep, celebrated for the fineness of their wool. The Brenne is an unhealthy marshy district to the south. The climate of Indre is mild and temperate, though moist. On the southern heights the cold is often severe, and throughout the department the crops suffer much from hailstorms. The growth of cereals in Indre exceeds the requirements of the inhabitants ; the pasturage is good and abundant ; and there are numerous valuable forests of oak, elm, beech, and other timber. Fruit-trees are plentiful, and market-gardening is a flourishing industry. The vine is cultivated to a small extent, and yields a mediocre red wine. Chestnuts, potatoes, turnips, beetroot, hemp, and colza are also grown. The rearing of horses and horned cattle is carried on in the Bois-Chaud, and of sheep in the Champagne. The mineral resources of the department include large quantities of iron, besides marl, sandstone, limestone, marble, lithographic and mill-stones, granite, and other stones. The chief industry is the working of the iron ; tobacco, paper, parchment, cloth, woollen goods, leather, felt, pottery, porcelain, bonnets, scythes, and tiles are also manufactured. Indre has considerable trade in its natural productions and manufactured articles, and in wool, horses, and oxen. The department is divided into the arrondissements of Chateauroux, Le Blanc, La Chatre, and Issoudun, with 23 cantons and 245 communes. The chief town is Chateau roux. The total area is 2624 square miles, and the popula tion in I860 was 277,860, and in 1876 281,248. INDRE-ET-LOIRE, a department of central France, consisting of parts of the old provinces Touraine, Orleanais, Anjou, and Marche, is bounded N. by the departments of Sarthe and Loir-et-Cher, E. by Loir-et-Cher and Indre, S. and S.W. by Vienne, and W&quot;. by Maine-et-Loire. It lies between 46 45 and 47 43 N. lat., and between 4 and 1 18 E. long., being 70 miles in length from north to south and 59 in breadth from east to west. It derives its name from the Loire and its tributary the Indre, which flow through it. The other chief affluents of the Loire in the department are the Loir, Cher, and Vienne. Indre-et- Loire is generally level, and conveniently divides itself into the following districts, according to the characteristics of the soil : the Gatine, a flat sterile region to the north of the Loire, with some forests ; the Varenne, a rich and fertile district between the Loire and Cher ; the Cham- peigne, a chain of vine-clad slopes, separating the valleys of the Cher and Indre ; the Ve&quot;ron, between the Loire and Vienne, the most highly cultivated district, but subject to inundation by the former river ; the plateaus of Sainte- Maure, a bare hilly region, the most unproductive of the department ; and the Brenne, between the Claise and Creuse, forming part of the marshy territory which extends under the same name into Indre. The valley of the Loire in this department, from its beauty and fertility, receives the name of the Garden of France. The climate of Indre- et-Loire is singularly agreeable and equable, avoiding extremes of both heat and cold. About two-thirds of the entire area is suited for cultivation, but the south far exceeds the north in fertility. Cereals of all kinds are grown in greater abundance than is required by the inhabitants. Vines are cultivated to a considerable extent, and yield excellent white and red wines, exported chiefly to Holland and Belgium. Vegetables, potatoes, fruits (plums especially being cultivated for the trade in pruneaux de Tours), hemp, liquorice, coriander, anise, truffles, walnuts, and mulberries are also produced. Owing to the deficiency of well-watered pasture, domestic animals are few. Agri culture has been for some time in a backward state, from the conservative adherence to old systems and implements by the small peasant proprietors, who hold much of the land. The mineral resources of the department are unimportant. Iron, marble, limestone, millstone, lithographic stone, and various kinds of marl are worked. Copper, though found, is not worked. The presence of clay, suitable for bricks and pottery, has encouraged the manufacture of these articles. The chief industry is the manufacture of gun powder at Ripaut near Tours. Silk-weaving, formerly very flourishing, is again beginning to revive. The refining of beetroot sugar and the preserving of fruits occupy many hands. Cloth, carpets, files, woollen goods, paper, and basket work are made in the department ; and there is a consider- ble trade in many of the manufactured articles. Indre- et-Loire is divided into the arrondissements of Tours, Loches, and Chinon, with 24 cantons and 282 communes. The chief town is Tours. The total area is 2360 square miles, and the population in 1866 was 325,193, and in 1876 324,875 INDULGENCE, in Roman Catholic theology, is defined as the remission, in whole or in part, by ecclesiastical authority, to the penitent sinner, of the temporal punish ment due for sin. 1 The word (from indulged, and perhaps connected with dulcis) in its classical use has the meaning which it still bears in ordinary parlance ; but by post- classical writers it is often employed in a more special sense to denote a remission of taxation or of punishment. The Codex Theodosianus has two titles &quot; De indulgentiis debitorum &quot; (lib. xi. tit. 28) and &quot; De indulgentiis criminum &quot; (lib. ix. tit. 38). In this sense it was taken up by ecclesiastical writers ; thus Ambrose says &quot; nemo recte egerit poenitentiam nisi a Deo per Christum speraverit in- dulgentiam ;&quot; and Augustine (Con.Jul.,. 3) quotes Reticius of Autun (313 A.D.) to the effect that &quot;baptism is the principal indulgence known to the church.&quot; The natural and actual synonyms of the word are &quot;gratia,&quot; &quot;venia,&quot; &quot;relaxatio,&quot; and &quot; remissio.&quot; The penitential discipline of the ancient church was very severe in its treatment of a large class of scandalous offences ; and in the canonical punishments or penances (which from a very early date began to be determined with considerable precision) time, was always a prominent element. But a certain power of showing leniency (&amp;lt;j&amp;gt;i.a.v6pwiria) or the 1 &quot; Est autem indulgentia remissio poense temporalis adhuc post ahsolutionem sacramentalem peccatis debits, in foro interno coram Deo valida, facta per applicationem thesauri ecclesise a superiore legitimo (Pen-one, Prod. Theol, &quot;Tract, delndulg./ procem.).