Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 12.djvu/855

Rh Collasuyo, i.e., northern, western, and southern province, the term Antisuyo itself is purely geographical.

As we descend to the Bolivian lowlands, the confusion of races reaches its climax in the provinces of Moxos, Chiquitos, and Gran Chaco. Notwithstanding the disappearance of many tribes in recent years, E. D. Matthews (Up the Amazon and Madeira, 1879) still found in the Beni Missions, Moxos, besides the above-mentioned Maropas, six distinct tribes—Cayubabas, Mobimas, Mojeños, Canichanas, Itonamas, and Baures— "each having a language of its own." But the Baures would seem to be a branch of the Mojeños, who are again affiliated to the Maypuri of the Barre family (see XV.). Other nations in Moxos with distinct speech are the Chapacuras in the south-east, and the Pucaguaras and Itenes in the north.

Chiquitos is occupied by eleven distinct nations, all speaking radically different languages, but presenting a uniform physical type: Chiquitos in the centre; Samucus, Curaves, Tapiis, and Corabecas originally in the south-east; Saravecas, Otukes, Curuminacas, Covarecas, Curucanecas, in the north-east; and Paiconecas in the north-west. The language of the Chiquitos, of whom there are endless subdivisions, is one of the richest and most widely diffused in South America, serving, like the Tupi in the east, as a sort of lingua franca jn the Bolivian lowlands and the northern parts of Gran Chaco. The numerous tribes of this latter region seem to form an ethnical group related to the Chiquitos peoples, and like them speaking a great variety of distinct languages. The greatest confusion still prevails as to their mutual relations; but the main linguistic groups seem to be the Mocobi-Toba of the Salado and Vermejo rivers; the Mataguaya, including the Vilela, Lule, and Chanes between the Pilcomayo and Vermejo; the Abipone, on the right bank of the Parana, between 28°-30° S.; and the so-called Lengua (properly Jwiaje) in the centre of Gran Chaco, surrounded by Mocobi tribes. Here were also the extinct Guaycurus (probably akin to the Tobas), noted for their skill in horsemanship. Hence the term Guaycuru came to be applied generally to all the mounted Indians of Gran Chaco, and, though no longer the name of any particular tribe, it continues to figure in ethnographic works as a racial designation, increasing the confusion in a region already overburdened with obsolete or erroneous ethnical nomenclature.

XVII. Brazilian Races.—Here the grouping, with one great exception, is still mainly geographical. The exception is the wide spread Tupi-Guarani ethnical and linguistic family, rivalling in extent the Athabascan and Algonquin of the northern continent, and including, besides a great part of Brazil, all Paraguay, about half of Uruguay, large enclaves in Bolivia, and, if the Carib is to be regarded as a branch, nearly all the Guianas and Venezuela. Of this race the two main divisions are the Guarani, from about the neighbourhood of Monte Video to Goyaz south and north, and stretching west and east from the Paraguay to the Atlantic, and the Tupi thence northwards to the Amazon and Rio Negro. The southern division may be regarded as nearly compact, but the northern everywhere encloses a number of races apparently of different stocks, while along the Amazon and its great tributaries the tribes are as numerous as they are diverse in speech and often in physique. Over 15 distinct peoples are mentioned on the Xinga river alone, 20 on the Tapajoz, as many on the Ucayali, 50 on the Japura. R. S. Clough (The Amazons, 1872) gives lists of 33 on the Purus, and of 37 on the Naupes, a tributary of the Rio Negro; over 100 different dialects are current on the Rio Negro itself (Martius), and as many as 234 tribal names occur in Milliet de Saint-Adolphe's Diccionario Geographico do Imperio de Brazil (Paris, 1863). Here the only means of communication is afforded by the Lingoa Geral, or "general language," which is based on the Tupi, and which has gradually become current throughout the empire.

Of the Guarani-Tupi stock the most representative races are the Tupinambas, formerly dominant on the coast of Para; the Tupiniquins of Espirito Santo; the Petiguares of the Paraiba; the Tupuias of Bahia; the Tobajares of Maranhão; the Caetes of Ceara; the Obacatuaras of the Rio S. Francisco; the Mundrucus, Apiacas, and Mauhés of the Tapajos; the Tappés, Patos, and Minuanos of Rio Grande do Sul; the Piturunas of the river Curitiba; the Guanhanaris of the Parana; the Guarayos and Chiriguanos of the upper Memoré, Bolivia; the Omaguas of the Yapura; the Manaos, Juris, Terecumas, Caripunas, and nine others in the Rio Negro basin.

The Non-Guarani element in Brazil, often collectively known to the Tupis as Tapuyas, i.e., "strangers" or "enemies," has hitherto baffled all attempts at classification. The best known groups, mostly linguistic, are the Aimore or Botocudo of the Aimore coast range; the Pamacan, widely diffused in Bahia and Minas-Geraes; the Curys, with many subdivisions in Rio Janeiro, Espirito Santo, and Minas-Geraes; the Canecran, with five branches in Para and Goyaz; the Cairiri or Kiriri, a large nation in the Borborema mountains, with two branches (Velhos and Novos) in Pernambuco, Parahiba, and Ceara, grouped by Martins with the Moxos of Bolivia, the Cunamares of the Jurua, the Majurunas of the Javary, the Manaos of the Rio Negro, and many others under the collective name of Guck or Coco; the Gè with diverse prefixes (Au-Gè, Canacata-Gè, Cran-Gè, Payco-Gè, Pontaca-Gè, &amp;c.) in Maranhão and Para, with whom must be grouped the Timbiras of Goyaz ("fallavão o idioma dos Gamelleiros on Timbiras," M. de Saint-Adolphe, i. p. 384); the Vouré of Matto Grosso, now united with the Choco, Pipian, and Uman, all of like speech; the Carijos, formerly very powerful in province São Paulo, now mostly fused with others; the Carajas and Chambioas of rivers Araguaya and lower Tocantins, Goyaz, and Para; the Goya, very numerous in Goyaz, to which province they give their name; the Charruas, formerly very powerful in the extreme south and in Uruguay, grouped by D'Orbigny with the Pampas Indians, and described by him as "peut-être la nation Americaine que l'intensité de la couleur rapproche le plus du noir" (ii. p. 85); the Bororos, formerly dominant over a vast region in Matto Grosso.

XVIII. Austral Races.—These occupy four geographical areas, to which correspond four distinct ethnical and linguistic groups:—

1. Auca or Araucanian, Chilian and Patagonian Cordilleras; type very uniform, and by D'Orbigny affiliated to the Peruvian; speech entirely distinct from all others, and spoken with little dialectic variety throughout the whole area. The numerous branches are generally indicated by a geographical terminology, as Picunche, "northern people," Puelche, "eastern people," Huilliche, "southern people," &amp;c., the final syllable che signifying "people." But the official Chilian divisions are:—(a) Moluche, or Arribanos, i.e., "Highlanders," and Abajinos or "lowlanders," between rivers Malleco and Cautin; (b) Lavquenche or Costinos, i.e., "coast people," between rivers Lebu and Imperial; (c) Huilliche, or "southerners," in two divisions, south of rivers Cautin and Tolten. Total population, 24,360 unmixed Araucanians (Edouard Sève, Le Chili tel qu'il est, Valparaiso, 1876).

2. Puelche, occupying the Pampas region from the Saladillo to the Rio Negro; hence known to the Spaniards as the Pampas Indians. Puelche or eastern people is their Araucanian name, answering to the Patagonian Yonce and Penck. There is great uniformity of type and speech, the latter, like Araucanian, being distinct from all others. No well-recognized tribal divisions exist. The race is dying out or becoming absorbed in the general mass of the Argentine population.

3. Patagonian, the Tchuelche, Chuelche, or Huilliche (i.e., "southerners") of the Araucanians; national name Tsoneca; area, Patagonia from the Rio Negro to Magellan Strait, and from the Cordilleras to the Atlantic. This is the tallest race on the globe, with mean height 5 feet 11 inches (Topinard, Anthropology, p. 320), and otherwise differing widely from all the American types, with which they have nothing in common except the structure of the hair and the polysynthetic form of their speech. The present race again seems distinct from the prehistoric in this region as represented by the skulls recently found by Moreno at El Carmen on the Rio Negro. These are highly dolichocephalous, whilst Dr A. Weissbach (Zeitschr. für Ethnologie, 1877, p. 8) represents the modern Tehuelches as amongst the most brachycephalous on the globe, approaching in this respect nearest to the chimpanzee type.

4. Fuegians, the Pescherais of some writers, Tierra del Fuego; no recognized collective national or tribal names; one ethnical type, entirely different from the Patagonian, and by D'Orbigny allied to the Araucanian; two apparently distinct languages, a northern and a southern variety, with no known affinities to any on the mainland or elsewhere. They probably occupy the lowest scale of culture in the American division of mankind, in this respect corresponding to the Negritos and Bushmen of the eastern hemisphere.

Bibliography.—Lafiteau, Mœurs des Sauvages Americains, &amp;c., Paris, 1723; A. von Humboldt and Bonpland's Travels in the Interior of America, 1799-1804, Paris, 1807; A. Balbi, Atlas Éthnographique, Paris, 1826; Drs Spix and Martius, Reise in Brasilien, Munich, 1831; Pedro de Angelis, Coleccion de obras y documentos relativos a la historia antigua y moderna de las provincias del Rio de la Plata, 7 vols., Buenos Ayres, 1836; S. G. Drake, Biography and History of the South American Indians, Boston, 1837; D'Orbigny, L'Homme Americain, Paris, 1839; Dr C. Martius, "Die Vergangenheit und Zukunft der Amerikanischen Menschheit," in ''Deutsch. Vierteljahresschrift, 1839, p. 235; Capt. Fremont, Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, London, 1846; H. Hale, Ethnology and Philology, Philadelphia, 1846; E. Buschmann, "Spuren der Aztekischen Sprache im nördl. Mexico," in Memoirs of the Berlin Academy, 1854; Holumber, Ethnographische Skizzen über die Völker der Russ. Amerika, Helsingfors, 1855; Schoolcraft, Hist. and Stat. Information respecting the Hist., &amp;c., of the Indian Tribes of the United States, 6 vols., Philadelphia, 1851-7 (336 pl.); Squier, Nicaragua, 1852, and States of Central America, New York, 1858; Cl. R. Markham, Expeditions into the Valley of the Amazons, 1539, 1540, 1639, London, 1859 (Hakluyt Society); J. J. von Tschudi, Reise durch die Anden, Gotha, 1860; A. S. Taylor, Bibliographia Californica, Sacramento, 1863; Milliet de Saint-Adolphe, Diccionario Geographico do Imperio do Brazil, Paris, 1863; H. Y. Hinde, The Labrador Peninsula'', London, 1863; Dr Th. Waitz, Anthropologie der Naturvölker, Leipsic, 1864; Nic. Perrot, Mémoire sur les mœurs, coutumes, et religions des Sauvages de l'Amerique Septentrionale, Paris, 1864; Spix and Martius, Beiträge zur Ethnographie Amerikas, Leipsic, 1867; R. G. Latham, "Papers on the South American Races," in the South American Missionary Magazine, 1868; G. M. Sproat, Scenes and Studies of Savage Life, London, 1868; P. Marcoy, Voyage à travers l'Amerique du Sud, Paris, 1868; W. Schultz, "Natur- und Culturstudien über Süd-Amerika und seine Bewohner," ''Bul of the Dresden Geogr. Soc., 1868; Cl. R. Markham, "The Tribes of the Empire of the Incas," in Jour. R. Geogr. Soc., vol. xli., 1871; H. H. Bancroft, The Native Races of the Pacific States of North America'', London, 1875; Jas. Orton, The Andes and the Amazon, 1876; M. Petitot, several papers on the Athabascan Indians, in L'Année Géographique, 1868, and in ''Bul. de la Soc. de Géogr., Paris, 1876-7; R. Virchow, "Anthropologie Amerikas" in Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, 1877, p. 144-56; J. W. Powell, "On the Philosophy of the North American Indians," in Bull. of the Amer. Geo. Soc.'', 1877, ii. p. 46; L. Simonin, "Les Indiens des États-Unis," in ''Bul. de la Soc. de Géographie, Paris, vol. xvl., 1878; Schultz-Sellack, "Die Amerikanischen Götter, &amp;c., der vier Welt richtungen," in Zeitschr.''