Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 12.djvu/836

812 812 INDIA [HISTORY, had been hospitably entertained by Lord Mayo, was found to be favouring Russian intrigues. A British em bassy was refused admittance to the country, while a Russian mission was received with honour. This led Afghan to a declaration of war. British armies advanced by three cam- routes, -the Khaibar (Khyber), the Kuram, and the Bolan, Pgl g 1R and without much opposition occupied the inner entrances of the passes. Shere Ali fled to Afghan Turkestan, and there died. A treaty was entered into with his son, Yakub Khan, at Gandamak, by which the British frontier was advanced to the crests or further sides of the passes, and a British officer was admitted to reside at Cabul. Within a few months the British resident, Sir Louis Cavagnari, was treacherously attacked and massacred, together with his escort, and a second war became necessary. Yakub Khan abdicated, and was deported to India ; Cabul was occupied in force, and an Afghan chief of the Durani line was placed in the government of Kandahar with the title of wall. At that crisis of affairs a general election in England resulted in a defeat of the ministry. Lord Lytton resigned with the Conservative ministry, and the marquis of Ripon was nominated as his successor in 1880. Since then, a British brigade received a defeat between Kandahar and the Helmand river from the Herati army of Ayiib Khan, a defeat promptly and completely retrieved by the brilliant march of General Sir Frederick Roberts from Cabul to Kandahar, and by the total rout of Ayub Khan s army on September 1, 1880. Abdurrahman Khan, the eldest male representative of the stock of Dost Muhammad, has now been recognized as amir of Cabul. Governors-General of India under the East India Company, 1765-1858. 1765. 1767. 1769. 1772. 786. 793. 1798. 1798. 1805. 1805. Lord Olive. Harry Verelst. John Cartier. Warren Hastings. Lord (aftenvards Mar quis) Cormvallis. Sir John Shore (Lord Teignmouth). Sir Alured Clarke (pro tern. ). Lord Mornington (Mar quis Vellesley). Lord Cornwallis again. Sir George Barlow (pro 1806. Earl of Minto. 1813. Earl of Moira (Marquis of Hastings). 1823. John Adam (pro tern.). ] 823. Lord Amherst. 1828. Lord William Cavendish Bentinck. 1835. Sir Charles Metcalfe (Lord Metcalfe). 1836. Lord Auckland. 1842. Earl of Ellenborongh. 1844. Viscount Hardinge. 1848. Earl (afterwards Mar quis) of Dalliousie. 1856. Earl Canning. Viceroys of India under the Crown, 1858-1881. 1858. Earl Canning. 1862. Earl of Elgin. 1864. Sir John Lawrence (Lord Lawrence). 1869. Earl of Mayo. 1872. Lord Northbrook. 1876. Lord Lytton. 1880. Marquis of Papon. Bibliography of India. Q.) History. Orme s Indostan. Wilson s edition of Mill s History of India. 9 vols., 1840-48, is still the standard work on the general history Of India ; but it is practically superseded, with regard to special periods, by a number of less known works. Mountstuart Elphinstone s History of India (Pro fessor Cowell s edition, 1S66) deals with the Mahometan period. Sir Henry Elliot s History of India (8 vols., 1867-77) treats of the earlier centuries of that period as told by the native historians. Mr Grant-Duff s History of the Marhattds, Cunningham s History of the Sikhs, Wilk s History of Mysore, and Dr Buchanan s Journey through Malabar and K tnara are the best general works with regard to the native history of southern India. Todd s lidjdxthdn occupies the same position with reference to the great tract of which it treats. But in these departments also the process of subdivision lias taken place, and different periods or aspects are now treated elaborately by specialists. (2) Aitcl.ison s Treaties and Engage ments, 7 vols., require a place by themselves. (3) The following are the leading works on the various periods, provinces, and races : M Oindlc s Ancient India of Megasthenes and Arrian, and his Navigation of the Erythraean Sea; Dr J. Muir s Original Sanskrit Texts, 5 invaluable vols., 18(58-72 ; Weber s History of Indian Literature, 1878; Professor Max MUller s History of Sanskrit Literature, and various works and essays ; Professor Dnwson s Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology. 1870; Sherring s Hindu Tribes and Castes; Fergusson s Tree and Kerpent Worship. Indian Architecture, Cave Temples, &amp;lt;fec. ; the Reports of the Archaeological Survey, by General Cunningham and .Mr Burgess; Beanie s edition of Sir II. Elliot s Races of India; Ward s Hindus; Abb&amp;lt;5 Dubois s Manners and Customs of India; Bishop Weber s Journey; Mrs Manning s Ancient and Medinval India; RjCjendra La&quot;la Mltra s Orissa, and scries of valuable antiquarian works; General Cunningham s Ancient Geography of India, 1871 ; B. H. Hodgson s Essays on Indian Subjects, 1 vols.. 1880, and other works, specially on Nepdl and Tibet; Bishop Caldwell s Comparative Grammar of the, Dramdian Languages, the standard authority on southern India; Colonel Dalton s Ethnology of Hen gal ; H. Cust s Linguistic and Oriental Essays, 1880; II. H. Wil&amp;gt;on s great series of works; Sir Henry Summer Maine s Village Ctmmunities; Birdwood s Indian Arts. (4) Works of a more local character -.The Statistical Account of Bengal awl Assam, with the Gazetteers or District Manuals for Bombay, Madras, the North-West the Central Provinces, Hajputtfna, Mysore, British Burmah, Ajmir, and other provinces ; Colonel Malleson s and Mr Mackay s works on the native states and princes; Mr l.epel Griffin s Punjab Rdjds; Stewart s History of Bengal; Dr Hooker s Himalayan Journals; Vigne s Travels in Kashmir, and Ghazni. Kabul, and Afghanistan ; Ferrier, History of the Afghans ; Conolly s Overland Juurn?y to India; Sir Alexander Burnes s Catiool; Dr Bellew s reports; Wheeler s Madras in the Olden Time, and his other valuable works; Malleson s History of the French in India; Hunter s Annals of Rural Bengal, Orissa, and Indian Musal- mdns. (5) Among works bearing on British rule The Fifth Report on the Affairs of the East India Company; selections from the Calcutta Gazette in the last century; Kaye s Administration of the East India Company; Keene s Fall of the Mughal Empire; Owen s India on the Eve of the British Conquest; Thome s War in India, 1802-1806; Malcolm s India, 1811; Prinsep s British India, 1813-18; Kaye s Sepoy War, and continuation by Malleson; Fawcett s Indian Finance. (C) Short works on Indian history and geography, by Kopcr Lethbridge, Pope, Marshman, Wheeler, and. Meadows Taylor. (7) Biographies of Olive, Warren Hastings, Sir Philip Francis, Lord Teignmouth, Malcolm, Minto, Metcalfe, Com- bermere, Sir Henry Lawrence, and Sir Herbert Edwardes; also the Wellington Despatches referring to India, by Sidney Owen ; Lord Ellenborough s Letters ; and Kaye s admirable Indian biographies. (8) In fiction and poetry, Edwin Arnold s Light of Asia stands first. Meadows Taylor s Confessions of a Thug, and Tara; Panthirang Hari; H. Cunningham s Ihistypore; and The Afghan Knife, form well-known examples of tire Anglo-Indian novel. (9) Indian official reports : Annual Administration Reports of the various presidencies and provinces; District Settlement Reports in the North-Western Provinces, Oudh, and the Punjab; General Reports of the Board of Rerenue, Madras; Survey and Settlement Reports of Bombay ; Census Reports for the various presidencies and provinces in 1871-72, and their condensation, The Memorandum on the Census of British India (1871-72), presented to parliament in 1875; Annual Reports on the Trade and Navigation of British India; Report of the Bengal Royal Commission, 1880. (JO) Parliamentary Blue Books: The Annual Statistical Abstract relating to British India; Annual East India Finance and Revenue Ac counts; Statements on the Material and Moral Progress of India. (W. . H.) INDEX. Aborigines, 776. Excise, 772, 773. Observatories, 739. Administration, 768. Expenditure, 773 Oil-seeds, 748, 758. Afglmn wars, 807, 811. Exports, 757, 758. Opium, 749. Agriculture, 747. Famines, 766, 811. Oudh, annexation of, Akbar, 794. Fauna, 741. 809. Alexander the Great, Feudalism under Akbar, Ox, wild, 742. 786. 795. Panchayat, 772. Amherst, Lord, 806. Finance, 773. Paper-making, 764. Animals, wild, 741. Fishes, 743. Permanent settlement, Antelopes, 742. Flora, 740. 770, 803. Antimony, 765. Forests, 753. Petroleum, 765 Area, 731. French settlements and Police, 774. Army, 774. wars, 800, 804. Population, 744. Aurangzeb, 795. Gama,.Vasco da, 796. Portuguese settlements, Bears, 741. Geology, 735. 796. Bentinck, Lord William, Ghats, 733. Pottery, 763. 806. Gold and silver work. Precious stones, 762, 766. Birds, 743. 762. Prisons, 774. Black Hole, 801. Gold mines, 765. Punjab, annexation of, Books, 776. Government, 768. 808. Brass-work, 763. Greek invasion, 7S6 Quinine, 751. Brewing, 764. Hastings, Marquis of, Races, native, 745, 777. British empire, 800. 805. Railways, 755. Buddhism, 784. Hastings, Warren, 802 Rainfall, 739. Buffaloes, 742. History, 776. Religions, 745, 785. Brrihmanism, 782. Himalayas, 732. Reptiles, 743. Burmah, British, 734. Hinduism, 779. Revenue, 773. Canals, 756. Hindustan (name), 731. Rice, 747, 758. Canning, Lord, 809 Hog, wild, 742. Rig Veda, 780. Carpets, 762. Horses, 752. River navigation, 756. Carving, 763. Hyder Ali, 803. River plains, 732. Castes, 745, 781. Imports, 757. Roads, 756. Cattle rearing, 752 Indigo, 749, 759. Salt, 764 ; administration Cinchona, 751. Infanticide, 745. 772. Climate, 738. Insects, 743. Saltpetre, 765. Clive, Lord, 800. Iron, 737, 764. Schools, 775. Coal fields, 737; mining, Irrigation, 754. Scythian dynasties, 789. 764. Jails, 774. Serpents, 743. Coffee, 750, 759 Jewellery, 762. Sheep, wild, 742. Colleges, 775. Jute, 749; export, 758; Sfkh war, 808. Commerce, 756. manufacture, 763. Silk weaving, 761. Company, East India, 798, Lac, 752. Silk-worm, 751. 802, 811. Land settlement, 7C9 ; Spices, 748. Copper work, 763 ; mines, under Akbar, 794. Sugar, 748. 765. Languages, 745, 777. Suttee, 806. Comwallis, Lord, 803, 805. Law, 768, 782. Talukdiirs, 772. Cotton, 748 ; export, 758 ; Lead, 765. Tea, 750, 759. manufacture, 763. Mahometan invasions, Thugs, 806. Criminal population, 774. 792. Tigers, 741. Cutlery, 7K2. Marhatta power, 795; Timur, 793. Dalliousie, Lord, 808. wars, 803-805. Tin, 765. Deccan, 733. Manufactures, 761. Tippoo, 803. Deities, ancient, 780. Meteorology, 738. Tobacco, 750. Dogs, wild, 741. Minerals, 764. Towns, chief, 745. Dupleix, 800. Minto, Lord, 805. Trade, 756. Dutch settlements, 797. Mogul empire, 793. Universities, 775. East India Company, 798, Mountains, 731. Vedic hymns, 779. 802, 811. Mughal empire, 793. VindhysC mountains, 732 East Indies (name), 731. Mulberry, 751. Wellesley, Lord, 804. Education, 774. Municipalities, 772, 774. Wheat, 747. Elephants, 741, 753. Mutiny of 1857, 809. Wolves, 741. Embroider}-, 762. Newspapers, 776. Voma mountains, 735. English settlements, 798. Nomadic cultivation, 753. Zami ndars, 770.