Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 12.djvu/738

718 718 C I N C says Hallam, &quot; from the loss of that control which the Commons had obtained under Richard II. and the Lan castrian kings, and partly from the preference the Tudor princes had given to bills of attainder or pains and penalties when they wished to turn the arm of parliament against an obnoxious subject.&quot; Revived in the reign of James L, it became an instrument of parliamentary resist ance to the crown, and it was not unfrequently resorted to in the first three reigns after the Revolution. In the constitution of the United States the procedure of impeachment is an almost exact copy of that described above. The House of Representatives are the accusers, and appoint managers to conduct the prosecution at the bar of the senate. The vote of the senate is taken by putting the question separately to each member, and a majority of two-thirds is required for a conviction. In the separate States it partakes of the same quasi-political character neither the prosecutors nor the judges being the same as in ordinary criminal offences. The most noted instances of impeachment in the United States are those of Associate Justice Chase in 1804, of President Andrew Johnson in 1868, and of Judge Barnard, New York, in 1872. The object of impeachment is the removal of public officers for malversation in office, which is followed sometimes by dis qualification for any future appointment. INCENSE 1 is the perfume (fumigation) arising from certain resins and gum-resins, barks, woods, dried Mowers, fruits, and seeds, when burnt, and also the substances so burnt. In its literal meaning the word &quot; incense &quot; is one with the word &quot;perfume,&quot; the aroma given off with the smoke (per f umum 2 ) of any odoriferous substance when burnt. But, in use, while the meaning of the word &quot; per fume&quot; has been extended, so as to include everything sweet in smell, from smoking incense to the invisible fresh fra grance of fruits and exquisite scent of flowers, that of the word &quot; incense,&quot; in all the languages of modern Europe in which it occurs, has, by an opposite process of limitation, been gradually restricted almost exclusively to frankincense (see FRANKINCENSE). Frankincense has always been ob tainable in Europe in greater quantity than any other of the arornatics imported from the East ; it has therefore gradually come to be the only incense used in the religious rites and domestic fumigations of many countries of the West, and at last to be popularly regarded as the only &quot;true&quot; or &quot;genuine&quot; (i.e., &quot;franc&quot;) incense (see Littre&quot; s Fr. Diet., and Skeat s Etym. Diet, of Engl. Lang.). 3 The following is probably an exhaustive list of the substances available for incense or perfume mentioned in the Hebrew Scrip tures: Algum or almug wood (almug in 1 Kings x. 11, 12 ; algum in 2 Cliron. ii. 8, and ix. 10, 11), generally identified with sandal- wood (Santalum album), a native of Malabar and Malaya ; aloes, or 1 Incensum (or incensum thuris) from incendere ; Ital. and Portug. incenso ; Span, incienso ; Fr. encens. The substantive occurs in an inscription of the Arvalian brotherhood (Marini, OK Atti e Monumenti de fratelli Arvali, p. 639), but is frequent only in ecclesiastical Latin. Compare the classical suffimentum and suffitus from suffio. For &quot;incense&quot; Ulfila (Luke i. 10, 11) has retained the Greek fltyu ajua (thymiama) ; all the Teutonic names (Germ. Weihrauch; Old Saxon Wir&c; Icel. Reykelsi; Dan. Jtoyelse) seem to belong to the Christian period (Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie, i. 50). 2 The etymological affinities of 6vea, Qvos, thus, fuffio, fumus, and the Sanskr. dhuma, are well known. See Max M tiller, Chips, i. 99. 3 Classical Latin has but one word (thus or ius) for all sorts of in cense. Libanus, for frankincense, occurs only in the Vulgate. Even the &quot;ground frankincense&quot; or &quot;ground pine&quot; (Ajuga Chamcepitys) was known to the Romans as Tus terra; (Pliny), although they called some plant, from its smelling like frankincense, Libanotis, and a kind of Thasian wine, also from its fragrance, Libanios. The Latino- barbaric word Olibanum (quasi Oleum Libani), the common name for frankincense in modern commerce, is used in a bull of Pope Benedict IX. (1033). ^It may here be remarked that the name &quot;European frankincense &quot; is applied to Pinus Tceda, and to the resinous exudation (&quot;Burgundy pitch&quot;) of the Norwegian spruce firs (Abies excelsa). The &quot; incense tree &quot; of America is the Idea guianensis, and the &quot;in cense wood &quot; of the same continent /. heptaphylla. lign aloes (Heb. ahdlim, alidUtli), produced by Aloexylon Agal- lochum, a native of Cochin -China, and Aquilaria Agallocha, a native of India beyond the Ganges (compare vol. i. p. 597) ; balm (Heb. tsori), the oleo-resin of Balsamodendron Opobalsamum and B. gileadense ; bdellium (Heb. bdolah), the resin produced by Balsamodendron roxburghii, B. Mukul, and B. pubesccns, all natives of Upper India (Lassen, however, identifies bdolah with musk) ; calamus (Heb. kanch ; sweet calamus, keneh boscm, Ex. xxx. 23, Ezek. xxvii. 19 ; sweet cane, kanch hattob, Jer. vi. 20, Isa. xliii. 24), identified by Royle with the Andropogon Calamus aromaticus or roosa grass of India ; cassia (Heb. kiddalt) the Cinna- momum Cassia of China (see vol. v. p. 184) ; cinnamon (Heb. kinnamon), the Cinnamomum zeylanicum of the Somali country, but cultivated largely in Ceylon, where also it runs wild, and in Java; costus (Heb. ketzioth), the root of the Aucklandia Costus, native of Cashmere ; frankincense (Heb. lebdnah), the gum-resin of Boswdlia Frereana and B. BJiau-Dajiana of the Somali country, and of B. Carterii of the Somali country and the op posite coast of Arabia (compare vols. viii. p. 122, and ix. p. 709) ; galbanum (Heb. helbenah), yielded by Ophoidia galbanifera of Khorassan, and Galbanum officinale of Syria ; ladanum (Heb. Ut, translated &quot;myrrh&quot; in Gen. xxxvii. 25, xliii. 11), the resinous exudation of Cistus crcticus, C. ladaniferus, and other species of &quot;rock rose&quot; or &quot;rose of Sharon&quot;; myrrh (Heb. m6r), the gum- resin of the Balsamodendron Myrrha of the Somali country and opposite shore of Arabia ; onycha (Heb. sheheleth), the celebrated odoriferous shell of the ancients, the operculum or &quot;nail&quot; of a species of Strombus or &quot;wing shell,&quot; formerly well-known in Europe under the name of Blatta byzantina ; it is still imported into Bombay to burn with frankincense and other incense to bring out their odours more strongly ; saffron (Heb. karkdm), the stig mata of Crocus sativus, a native originally of Cashmere ; spikenard (Heb. nerd), the root of the Nardostachys Jatamansi of Nepal and Bhutan ; stacte (Heb. nataf), generally referred to the Styrax officinale of the Levant, but Hanbury has shown that no stacte or storax is now derived from S. officinale, and that all that is found in modern commerce is the product of the Liquidambar oricntale of Cyprus and Anatolia. Besides these aromatic substances named in the Bible, the follow ing must also be enumerated on account of their common use as incense in the East ; benzoin or gum benjamin (see vol. iii. p. 581), first mentioned among Western writers by Ibn Batuta (1325-1349) under the name of lubdn d Javi (i.e., olibanum of Java), cor rupted in the parlance of Europe into benjamin and benzoin ; camphor, produced by Cinnamomum Camphora, the camphor laurel&quot; of China and Japan, and by Dryobalanops aromatica, a native of the Indian Archipelago, and widely used as incense throughout the East, particularly in China (compare vol. iv. p. 761) ; elemi, the resin of an unknown tree of the Philippine Islands, the elemi of old writers (see vol. viii. p. 122) being the resin of Boswellia Frereana : gum-dragon or dragon s blood, obtained from Calamus Draco, one of the ratan palms of the Indian Archipelago, Draccena Draco, a liliaceous plant of the Canary Islands, and Pterocarpus Draco, a leguminous tree of the island of Socotra (see vol. vii. p. 389) ; rose- malloes, a corruption of the Javanese rasamala, or liquid storax, the resinous exudation of Liquidambar Altingia, a native of the Indian Archipelago (an American Liquidambar also produces a rose- malloes-like exudation) ; star anise, the stnrlike fruit of the Illicium anisatum of Yunan and south-western China (compare vol. ii. p. 58), burnt as incense in the temples of Japan ; sweet flag, the root of Acorus Calamus, the bach of the Hindus, much used for incense in India (see vol. ix. p. 280). An aromatic earth, found on the coast of Cutch, is used as incense in the temples of western India. The animal excreta, musk and civet, also enter into the composition of modern European pastils and clous fumants. Balsam of Tolu, pro duced by Myroxylon toluiferum, a native of Venezuela and New Granada ; balsam of Peru, derived from Myroxylon Pereirce, a native of San Salvador in Central America ; Mexican and Brazilian elemi, produced by various species of Idea or &quot;incense trees,&quot; and the liquid exudation of an American species of Liquidambar, are all used as incense in America. Hanbury quotes a faculty granted by Pope Pius V. (August 2, 1571) to the bishops of the West Indies per mitting the substitution of balsam of Peru for the balsam of the East in the preparation of the chrism to be used by the Catholic Church in America. The Sangre del drago of the Mexicans is a resin resembling dragon s blood obtained from a euphorbiaceous tree, Croton Draco. Probably nowhere can the actual historical progress from the primitive use of animal sacrifices to the later refinement of burning incense be more clearly traced than in the pages of the Old Testament, where no mention of the latter solemnity occurs before the period of the Mosaic legisla tion; but in the monuments of ancient Egypt the authentic traces of the use of incense which still exist carry us back to a much earlier date. From Meroe to Memphis the