Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 12.djvu/716

698 698 I D I I D except Artemisia, while the country south and east of the Snake is covered with this and with grasses, with a little scattered timber (Coniferce and aspens) on the mountains. A rough estimate gives as the area covered by forest 40,000 square milei, by useful grasses 25,000 square miles, and by Artemisia 21,300 square miles. Though the bison formerly ranged over this whole region, it is now practically extinct. The moose is still occasionally seen, and, rarely the Rocky Mountain goat (Ap/oceras montanus). The wapiti, the mountain sheep (Ovis mon- tana), and various species of deer are still abundant in the mountains, while the antelope or pronghorn abounds in the plains. Grizzly, black, and cinnamon bears, the American panther, the wild cat, and the wolverine are not uufrequeutly met with in the unsettled regions. Among the smaller quadrupeds, the prairie dog and gopher are abundant in the valleys and on the plains. Birds of many species are plentiful, especially in the mountain regions. Of reptiles, several species of rattlesnakes and lizards, including horned toads (Pkrynosoma], are characteristic of the arid plains, where they are numerous. The southern portion of this territory has been the scene of comparatively recent volcanic action, which has covered enormous areas with basalt. The mountains of this portion are mainly of the Silurian and Carboniferous ages. The ranges of the northern portion are known to be mainly Eozoic ; but the geology of that section has yet to be investigated. The administration of the territory is in the hands of a governor, secretary, and chief justice, all appointed by the president of the United States, and a treasurer, comptroller, and superintendent of public instruction, who, as well as the members of the two houses of the legislature, are elected by the people. The territory is represented in Congress by a delegate, also elective. The population in 1880 was 32,946, distributed thus in the several counties : County. Population Aila 4674 Alturas... ...1693 Bear hake 3242 Boise 3213 Cassia 1315 Idaho 2371 Kooteuai ! Lemhi... ...2230 County. Population. Nez Perce 4483 Onuida 6952 Owyhee 1427 Shoshone 469 Washington 877 Total 32,946 The principal settlements are Malade, Boise 1 (the capital of the territory), Idaho, Buenavista, and Silver City. The agricultural, grazing, and mining interests of Idaho are but commencing their development. In the valleys of the southern portion the Mormons are raising abund ant crops of cereals, with the aid of irrigation. In the valleys of the lower Snake, the Boise, Clearwater, Salmon, and Spokane rivers, wheat, oats, rye, and other grains are cultivated to some extent. Large portions of the territory are well adapted for grazing, and this is now being turned to account. The mineral wealth has not yet, owing to difficulty of transportation, been developed to any great extent ; but it is known to be important. Gold and silver are found, the former both in vein and in placer deposits. The principal vein deposits now being worked are in the Salmon River and Owyhee mountains. Placers have been worked in nearly every county of the territory, and have paid well. During the year 1880 many new and rich deposits have bsen discovered in the Wood River district, in the Salmon H tver mountains, and there has been a considerable influx of mining population. The Utah and Northern Railroad crosses the south eastern portion of the territory, from Utah to Montana. The total number of Indians in Idaho is about 6000, 1 Unorganized, and attached to Nez Perce county. consisting of the tribes known as the Nez Perce&quot;, Ban- nack, Shoshone, Coeur d Alene, Spokane, Pend Oreille, and Kootenai. They are under the control of the Govern ment, and most are settled on reservations. (n. G.*) IDIOCY. See INSANITY. IDLE, a town of the West Riding of Yorkshire, in the parish of Calverley, is pleasantly situated on an eminence near the river Aire, on the Great Northern Railway, 9 miles north-west of Leeds and 3 north of Bradford. The staple manufacture is woollen cloth ; there are also- worsted mills, and a cotton-warp factory. There are several stone and slate quarries in the neighbourhood. The church of the Holy Trinity, erected in 1830 in the Later English style, is a handsome structure with embattled tower crowned with pinnacles; and there are national and other schools, an oddfellows hall, a mechanics institute, and a church institute. The population (includ ing Windhill, which is a separate vicarage) in 1861 was 9155, and in 1871 it had reached 12,036. IDOLATRY. The word eiSoAoAarpeux (idololatria, afterwards shortened occasionally to etSoAarpeca, idolatria} occurs in all four times in the New Testament, viz., in 1 Cor. x. 14, Gal. v. 20, 1 Pet. iv. 3, Col. iii. 5. In the last of these passages it is used, obviously in a typical sense, to describe the sin of covetousness or &quot; mammon-worship.&quot; In the other places it is employed in its natural sense, but with the utmost generality, to indicate all the rites and practices of those special forms of Paganism with which Christianity first came into collision. It can only be understood by reference to the LXX., where etSwAov (like the word &quot;idol&quot; in A.V.) occasionally translates indiffer ently no fewer than sixteen words by which in the Old Testament the objects of what the later Jews called &quot;strange worship&quot; (i&quot;T}T nTQy.) are denoted (see Trom- mius, Concordaniice). In the widest acceptation of the word, idolatry in any form is absolutely forbidden in the second commandment, which runs &quot; Thou shalt not make unto thee a graven image ; [and] to no visible shape in heaven above, or in the earth beneath, or in the water under the earth, shalt thou bow down or render service &quot; (see DECALOGUE, vol. vii. p. 15). For some account of the various interesting questions connected with the many practical departures from this law which are recorded in the history of the Israelites the reader is referred to the article JEWS ; those differences as to the interpretation of the prohibition which have so seriously divided Christendom are discussed under the head of IMAGE WORSHIP. In the ancient church, idolatry was naturally reckoned among those magna crimina or great crimes against the first and second commandments which involved the highest ecclesiastical censures. Not only were those who had gone openly to heathen temples and partaken in the sacrifices (sacrificati) or burnt incense (thuriticati) held guilty of this crime ; the same charge, in various degrees, was incurred by the libellatici, whose renunciation of idolatry had been private merely, or who otherwise had used unworthy means to evade persecution, by those also who had feigned themselves mad to avoid sacrificing, by all promoters and encouragers of idolatrous rites, and by idol makers, incense sellers, and architects or builders of structures connected with idol worship. Idolatry was made a crime against th& state by the laws of Constantius (Cod. Tkeod., xvi. 10. 4, 6) forbidding all sacrifices on pain of death, and still more by the statutes of Theodosius (Cod. Theod., xvi. 10. 12) enacted in 392, in which sacrifice and divination were declared treasonable and punishable with death; the use of lights, incense, garlands, and libations was to involve the forfeiture of house and land where they were used ; and all who entered heathen temples were to be fined. See Bing- ham, Antigq., bk. xvi. c, 4.