Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 12.djvu/50

40 the sovereign power, wherever seated, in the state; and, when in a later age the foundations of a positive theory of legislation were laid in England, it was extreme liberals of the school of Bentham—James Mill, Grote, Molesworth—that brought again into general notice the writings of the great publicist of the, who, however he might, by the force of temperament, himself prefer the rule of one, based his whole political system upon a rational regard to the common weal. Finally, the psychology of Hobbes, though too undeveloped to guide the thoughts or even perhaps arrest the attention of Locke, when essaying the scientific analysis of knowledge, came in course of time (chiefly through James Mill) to be connected with the theory of associationism developed from within the school of Locke, in different ways, by Hartley and Hume; nor is it surprising that the later associationists, finding their principle more distinctly formulated in the earlier thinker, should sometimes have been betrayed into affiliating themselves to Hobbes rather than to Locke.

{{11fine|Sufficient information is given in the Vitce Ilobbiance Auctarium (L. W., i. pp. Ixv. /.} concerning the frequent early editions of Hobbes s separate works, and also concerning the works of those who wrote against him, to the end of the 17th century. In the 18th century, after Clarke s Boyle Lectures of 1704-5, the opposi tion was less express. In 1750 The Moral and Political Works were collected, with life, &c., by Dr Campbell, in a folio edition, including in order, Human Nature, De Corpora Politico, Leviathan, Answer toBramhall s Catching of the Leviathan, Narration concern ing Heresy, Of Liberty and Necessity, Behemoth, Dialogue of the Common Laws, the Introduction to the Thucydides, Letter to Dave- nant and two others, the Preface to the Homer, De Mirabilibus Peed (with English translation), Considerations on the Reputation, etc., of T. H. In 1812 the Human Nature and the Liberty and Necessity (with supplementary extracts from the Questions of 1656) were reprinted in a small edition of 250 copies, with a meritorious memoir (based on Campbell) and dedication to Home Tooke, by I liilip Mallet. Molesworth s edition (1839-45), dedicated to Grote, lias been referre:] to in a former note. Of translations may be mentioned Lcs Clemens philosophiques du Citoycn (1649) and Le Corps politique (1652), both by Sorbiere, conjoined with Le Traite tie la Nature humaine, by D Holbach, in 1787, under the general title Les (Euvrcs philosophiques ct politiques de Thomas Hobbes; a translation of the first section, &quot; Computatio sive Logica,&quot; of the De Corpore, included by Destutt de Tracy with his Clemens d Ideo logic (1804); a translation of Leviathan into Dutch in 1678, and another (anonymous) into German DCS Engldnders Thomas Holies Leviathan- oder der kirchliclie und biirgerliche Stoat (Halle, 1794, 2 vols.) ; a translation of the De (Jive by J. H. v. Kirchinaim T. Hobbes: Abhandlung fiber den Burger, &c. (Leipsic, 1873). No comprehensive monograph on Hobbes s whole philosophical performance has yet been produced. Molesworth had begun to make preparations for writing one when his energies were diverted into practical politics.}|undefined}  HOBOKEN, a city and port of entry of the United States, in Hudson county, New Jersey, is situated on the Hudson river, contiguous to Jersey city, which stretches immedi ately to the south. It lies opposite New York city, f of a mile distant, and occupies a picturesque site at the foot of a steep hill, with a considerable river frontage. The principal public buildings are the Stevens institute of technology, the bequest of the late Commodore Stevens, whose mansion in the Gothic style of architecture is a note worthy feature of the place ; St Mary s Catholic hospital; and the Franklin lyceum association library. The manu factories include iron-foundries and a lead pencil work ; and the trade in coal is important. Castle Point and the adjoining &quot; Elysian Fields &quot; afford delightful views of the river, and, before the recent building operations, used to be a favourite rasort of the New-Yorkers. The city, which was originally settled by the Dutch, who named it after a village on the Scheldt, was incorporated in 1855. in 1870, 20,000; in 1880, 30,999.  HOCHE, (1768–1797), a French general of the time of the Revolution, was born of poor parents at Montreuil near Versailles, June 25, 17G8. At the age of sixteen he enlisted as a private soldier with the intention of proceeding to the East Indies, but was sent instead to a depot of the Gardes Fra^aises. Having risen to the rank of sergeant, he, at the outbreak of the Revolution, made an important stand with a mere handful of troops against a large body of insurgents ; and it was he also who, at a later period, defended the entrance to the chamber of the queen when her apartments were invaded by a revolutionary mob. He distinguished himself at the siege of Thionville in 1792, and at the battle of Neerwinden, 13th March 1793. Shortly afterwards he received the brevet of general of brigade, and was appointed to the command of Dunkirk, for his brilliant defence of which against the duke of York he received the chief command of the army of the Moselle. The purpose which he originally proposed to himself in this campaign was to cut the communication between the Austrians and Prussians, and, though foiled in this attempt by the superior forces of the duke of Brunswick, he suc ceeded by a masterly manoeuvre in effecting a junction of a portion of his troops with the army of the Rhine, and thus causing the Austrians to evacuate Alsace. Shortly afterwards he was assigned the chief command by the representatives of the people with the two armies, but, this promotion awakening the morbid suspicion of Robes pierre, he was recalled and thrown into prison, and it was only the timely fall of Robespierre that saved him from the guillotine. On being released by the convention, he was so successful in pacifying La Vendee and Brittany that he was appointed to the command of the three united armies, numbering in all 100,000 men, in order to apply similar measures for the disarmament of the other depart ments. After accomplishing this task with an admirable combination of firmness and moderation, he was appointed to the command of an army organized for the conquest of Ireland. The expedition set sail from Brest, 16th December 1796, but was dispersed by a storm, scarcely one half of the vessels escaping shipwreck or capture. In the following year Hoche was sent to the eastern frontier to act against Austria, and by a series of masterly manoeuvres he succeeded in surrounding the army of General Kray, and but for a declaration of peace would have taken him and all his troops prisoners of war. Not long after his return he was appointed to the command of the united army in Germany, but eight dajs afterwards he died suddenly at Wetzlar, 18th September 1797. The belief was widely spread that he had been poisoned, but the suspicion seems to have been without foundation. Though Hoche at his death had not attained the age of thirty, he had already displayed powers, both as politician and as strategist, which, had he lived, would have rendered him a formidable rival of Napoleon, and might have effectually frustrated the latter s unscrupu lous ambition.

1em  HODGE, (1797–1878), theologian, was bora in Philadelphia, December 28, 1797. He was educated at the college of New Jersey in Princeton, where he graduated in 1815, and afterwards at the theological seminary of the Presbyterian Church in the same place, where he continued a student until 1819; in 1820 he became assistant teacher; and in 1822 he was chosen by the general assembly to be professor of Oriental and Biblical literature there. He spent two years on the Continent, from 1826 to 1828, studying under De Sacy in Paris, under Gesenius and Tholuck in Halle, and under Hengstenberg, Neander, and Humboldt in Berlin. In 1340 he was transferred to the chair of 