Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 12.djvu/424

408 408 H U S H U T HUSUM, a town in the Prussian province of Schleswig- Holstein, situated in a fertile district about 2| miles inland from the German Ocean, on the canalized Husumer Au, which forms its harbour and roadstead. It is a station on the branch railway from Tonning which joins the mainline at Jiibek ; and it has steam communication with the North Frisian Islands (Nordstrand, Pellworm, Fohr, Sylt) and with England. Besides the old ducal palace and park, it possesses two court-houses and a gymnasium, and its public endowments are reckoned at 100,000. There is a con siderable local trade ; grain and cattle are exported ; and the oyster-beds in the neighbourhood yield during the season about 60,000 oysters daily. The population of the town in 1875 was 57G5. Husum is first mentioned in 1252, and its first church was built in 1431. Wisby rights (see vol. xi. p. 449) were granted it in 1582, and in 1608 it was raised to the rank of a town by Duke Adolphus, who was also the builder of the castle. Husum is the birthplace of Forchhammer the archreologist, Forchhammer the mineralogist, and Theodor Storm the poet. HUSZT, a market-town in the county of Maramaros, Hungary, is situated at the confluence of the Nagy-Ag with the Theiss, and about midway on the line of railway from Szatmar-Xemeti to Maramaros-Sziget, 48 10 N. lat., 23 18 E. long. At Huszt there are Calvinist, Eoman Catholic, and Old United Greek churches, royal law courts, and other Government offices. On an elevated and picturesque position near the town are the ruins of an old fortress. In the neighbourhood of Huszt flax and cereals are largely grown, and many of the inhabitants find employment in fishing. The population in 1870 was 6413, consisting for the most part of Magyars and Ruthenians. HUTCHESON&quot;, FRANCIS (1694-1 746), an eminent writer on mental and moral philosophy, was born on the 8th of August 1694. His birthplace was probably the townland of Drumalig, in the parish of Saintfield and county of Down, Ireland. 1 Though the family had sprung from Ayr shire in Scotland, both his father and grandfather were ministers of dissenting congregations in the north of Ireland. Young Huteheson was educated partly by his grandfather, partly at an academy, where he is stated by his biographer, Dr Leeohman, to have been taught &quot;the ordinary scholastic philosophy which was in vogue in those days.&quot; In the year 1710, at the age of sixteen, he entered the university of Glasgow, where ho spent the next six years of his life, at first in the study of philosophy, classics, and general literature, and afterwards in the study of theology. On quitting the university, he returned to the north of Ireland, received a licence to preach, and was just on the point of settling down as the minister of a small dissenting congre gation, whan it was suggested to him by some gentlemen liviug in the neighbourhood of Dublin to start a private academy in that city. At Dublin his literary accomplish ments soon nuda him generally known, and he appears to have rapidly formed the acquaintance of the more notable persons, lay and ecclesiastical, who then resided in the metropolis of Ireland. Among these is specially to be noted Archbishop King, author of the well-known work De Orlgine Mali, who, to his great honour, steadily resisted all attempts to prosecute Huteheson in the archbishop s court for keeping a school without having previously sub scribed to the ecclesiastical canons and obtained the epis copal licence. Hutchesou s relations with the clergy of the Established Church, especially with the archbishops of Armagh and Dublin, Boulter and King, seem to have been of the most cordial description; and &quot;the inclination of his 1 See Belfast Macjazine for August 1813. friends to serve him, the schemes proposed to him for obtaining promotion,&quot; &c., of which his biographer speaks, probably refer to some offers of preferment, on condition of his accepting episcopal ordination. These offers, how ever, of whatever nature they might be, were unavailing ; &quot; neither the love of riches nor of the elegance and grandeur of human life prevailed so far in his breast as to make him offer the least violence to his inward sentiments.&quot; While residing in Dublin, Huteheson published anony mously the four essays by which he still remains best known, namely, the Inquiry concerning Beauty, Order, Harmony, Design, and the Inquiry concerning Moral Good and Evil, in 1725, and the Essay on the Nature and Con duct of the Passions and Affections, and Illustrations upon the Moral Sense, in 1728. The original title of the former work (which reached a second edition in the next year) was An Inquiry into the Original of our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue in tivo Treatises, in U hich the Prijiciples of the late Earl of Shaftesbury are explained and defended against the Author of the Fable of the Bees ; and the Ideas of Moral Good and Evil are established, according to the Sentiments of the Ancient Moralists, with an attempt to introduce a Mathematical Calculation on subjects of Morality. The alterations and additions made in the second edition of these Essays were published in a separate form in 1726. To the period of his Dublin residence are also to be referred the &quot;Thoughts on Laughter&quot; (a criticism of Hobbes) and the &quot; Observations on the Fable of the Bees,&quot; being in all six letters contributed to Hibernians Letters, a periodical which appeared in Dublin, 1725-27 (2d ed., 1734). At the end of the same period occurred the controversy in the columns of the London Journal with Mr Gilbert Burnet (probably the second BOH of Dr Gilbert Burnet, bishop of Salisbury), on the &quot; True Foundation of Virtue or Moral Goodness.&quot; All these letters were collected in one volume, and published by Foulis, Glasgow, 1772. In 1729 Huteheson was elected as the successor of his old master, Gerschom Carmichael, to the chair of moral philosophy in the university of Glasgow. It is curious that up to this time both his essays and letters had all been pub lished anonymously, though their authorship appears to have been perfectly well known. In 1730 he entered on the duties of his office, delivering an inaugural lecture (afterwards published), De Naturali Hominum Socialitate. The prospect of being delivered from the miscellaneous drudgery of school work, and of securing increased leisure for the pursuit of his favourite studies, occasions an almost boisterous outburst of joy : &quot; laboriosissimis, nrihi, atque molestissimis negotiis implicito, exigua admodum erant ad bonas literas aut mentern colendam otia ; non levi igitur Icctitia commovebar cum aim am rnatrem Academism me, suum olim alumnum, in libertatem asseruisse audiveram.&quot; And yet the works on which Hutcheson s reputation was to rest had already been published. The rest of Hutcheson s life, down to his death in 1746, was mainly spent in the assiduous performance of the duties of his professorship, including, of course, the prepara tion of lectures for his classes. His reputation as a teacher attracted many young men, belonging to dissenting families, from England and Ireland, and he appears to have enjoyed a well-deserved popularity among both his pupils and his colleagues. Though somewhat quick-tempered, he was remarkable for his warm feelings and generous impulses. &quot; He was all benevolence and affection,&quot; says Dr Leechman ; &quot; none who saw him could doubt of it ; his air and counte nance bespoke it. It was to such a degree his prevailing temper that it gave a tincture to his writings, which were perhaps as much dictated by his heart as his head ; and if there was any need of an apology for the stress that in his scheme seems to be laid upon the friendly and public affec-